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Quality estimation aims to measure the quality of translated content without access to a reference translation. This is crucial for machine translation systems in real-world scenarios where high-quality translation is needed. While many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yi-Lin Tuan , Ahmed El-Kishky , Adithya Renduchintala , Vishrav Chaudhary , Francisco Guzmán , Lucia Specia

Quality Estimation (QE) models for Neural Machine Translation (NMT) predict the quality of the hypothesis without having access to the reference. An emerging research direction in NMT involves the use of QE models, which have demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sai Koneru , Matthias Huck , Miriam Exel , Jan Niehues

Quality estimation (QE) reranking is a form of quality-aware decoding which aims to improve machine translation (MT) by scoring and selecting the best candidate from a pool of generated translations. While known to be effective at the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Krzysztof Mrozinski , Minji Kang , Ahmed Khota , Vincent Michael Sutanto , Giovanni Gatti De Giacomo

Quality Estimation (QE) aims to assess the quality of machine translation (MT) outputs without relying on reference translations, making it essential for real-world, large-scale MT evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Archchana Sindhujan , Girish A. Koushik , Shenbin Qian , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan

Quality estimation (QE)-the automatic assessment of translation quality-has recently become crucial across several stages of the translation pipeline, from data curation to training and decoding. While QE metrics have been optimized to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Emmanouil Zaranis , Giuseppe Attanasio , Sweta Agrawal , André F. T. Martins

It is expensive to evaluate the results of Machine Translation(MT), which usually requires manual translation as a reference. Machine Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is a task of predicting the quality of machine translations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Lei Lin

This paper describes our submission of the WMT 2020 Shared Task on Sentence Level Direct Assessment, Quality Estimation (QE). In this study, we empirically reveal the \textit{mismatching issue} when directly adopting BERTScore to QE.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Lei Zhou , Liang Ding , Koichi Takeda

Quality Estimation (QE) metrics are vital in machine translation for reference-free evaluation and increasingly serve as selection criteria in data filtering and candidate reranking. However, the prevalence and impact of length bias in QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yilin Zhang , Wenda Xu , Zhongtao Liu , Tetsuji Nakagawa , Markus Freitag

Quality Estimation (QE) models have the potential to change how we evaluate and maybe even train machine translation models. However, these models still lack the robustness to achieve general adoption. We show that State-of-the-art QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Jiho Lee , Derry Wijaya

Current Machine Translation (MT) systems achieve very good results on a growing variety of language pairs and datasets. However, they are known to produce fluent translation outputs that can contain important meaning errors, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Diptesh Kanojia , Marina Fomicheva , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Frédéric Blain , Constantin Orăsan , Lucia Specia

Word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of Machine Translation (MT) aims to find out potential translation errors in the translated sentence without reference. Typically, conventional works on word-level QE are designed to predict the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yuanmeng Yan , Jie Zhou

Classical machine learning assumes that the training and test sets come from the same distributions. Therefore, a model learned from the labeled training data is expected to perform well on the test data. However, This assumption may not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Abolfazl Farahani , Sahar Voghoei , Khaled Rasheed , Hamid R. Arabnia

The recent success of neural machine translation models relies on the availability of high quality, in-domain data. Domain adaptation is required when domain-specific data is scarce or nonexistent. Previous unsupervised domain adaptation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Zi-Yi Dou , Junjie Hu , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Graham Neubig

This preliminary study investigates the usefulness of sentence-level Quality Estimation (QE) in English-Chinese Machine Translation Post-Editing (MTPE), focusing on its impact on post-editing speed and student translators' perceptions. It…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Siqi Liu , Guangrong Dai , Dechao Li

Building of data for quality estimation (QE) training is expensive and requires significant human labor. In this study, we focus on a data-centric approach while performing QE, and subsequently propose a fully automatic pseudo-QE dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Sugyeong Eo , Chanjun Park , Jaehyung Seo , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

Quality Estimation (QE), the evaluation of machine translation output without the need of explicit references, has seen big improvements in the last years with the use of neural metrics. In this paper we analyze the viability of using QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Jan-Thorsten Peter , David Vilar , Daniel Deutsch , Mara Finkelstein , Juraj Juraska , Markus Freitag

Quality Estimation (QE) models evaluate the quality of machine translations without reference translations, serving as the reward models for the translation task. Due to the data scarcity, synthetic data generation has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xiang Geng , Zhejian Lai , Jiajun Chen , Hao Yang , Shujian Huang

Recent literature has demonstrated the potential of multilingual Neural Machine Translation (mNMT) models. However, the most efficient models are not well suited to specialized industries. In these cases, internal data is scarce and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Mathieu Grosso , Pirashanth Ratnamogan , Alexis Mathey , William Vanhuffel , Michael Fotso Fotso

Machine Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is a task of predicting the quality of machine translations without relying on any reference. Recently, the predictor-estimator framework trains the predictor as a feature extractor, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Qu Cui , Shujian Huang , Jiahuan Li , Xiang Geng , Zaixiang Zheng , Guoping Huang , Jiajun Chen

Machine Translation Quality Estimation (MTQE) is the task of estimating the quality of machine-translated text in real time without the need for reference translations, which is of great importance for the development of MT. After two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haofei Zhao , Yilun Liu , Shimin Tao , Weibin Meng , Yimeng Chen , Xiang Geng , Chang Su , Min Zhang , Hao Yang