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Experiments that use covariate adaptive randomization (CAR) are commonplace in applied economics and other fields. In such experiments, the experimenter first stratifies the sample according to observed baseline covariates and then assigns…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-05-16 Ahnaf Rafi

Reliable causal effect estimation from observational data requires adjustment for confounding and sufficient overlap in covariate distributions between treatment groups. However, in high-dimensional settings, lack of overlap often inflates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-21 Linying Yang , Robin J. Evans

This paper focuses on the estimation of distributional treatment effects in randomized experiments that use covariate-adaptive randomization (CAR). These include designs such as Efron's biased-coin design and stratified block randomization,…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-09 Undral Byambadalai , Tomu Hirata , Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui

Covariate adjustment can improve precision in analyzing randomized experiments. With fully observed data, regression adjustment and propensity score weighting are asymptotically equivalent in improving efficiency over unadjusted analysis.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-06 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li

Regression adjustments are often considered by investigators to improve the estimation efficiency of causal effect in randomized experiments when there exists many pre-experiment covariates. In this paper, we provide conditions that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-25 Hanzhong Liu , Yuehan Yang

Randomized experiments have become important tools in empirical research. In a completely randomized treatment-control experiment, the simple difference in means of the outcome is unbiased for the average treatment effect, and covariate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Lihua Lei , Peng Ding

Confounding is a significant obstacle to unbiased estimation of causal effects from observational data. For settings with high-dimensional covariates -- such as text data, genomics, or the behavioral social sciences -- researchers have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Katherine A. Keith , Sergey Feldman , David Jurgens , Jonathan Bragg , Rohit Bhattacharya

We study efficiency improvements in randomized experiments for estimating a vector of potential outcome means using regression adjustment (RA) when there are more than two treatment levels. We show that linear RA which estimates separate…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-13 Akanksha Negi , Jeffrey M. Wooldridge

Empirical regression discontinuity (RD) studies often include covariates in their specifications to increase the precision of their estimates. In this paper, we propose a novel class of estimators that use such covariate information more…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-28 Claudia Noack , Tomasz Olma , Christoph Rothe

We propose the covariate-balanced-and-adjusted response-adaptive randomization (CBARA) procedure for adaptive design in clinical trials, which integrates the complementary strengths of covariate-adjusted response-adaptive randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-08 Hengjia Fang , Wei Ma

Complete randomization allows for consistent estimation of the average treatment effect based on the difference in means of the outcomes without strong modeling assumptions on the outcome-generating process. Appropriate use of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-03 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) frequently utilize covariate-adaptive randomization (CAR) (e.g., stratified block randomization) and commonly suffer from imperfect compliance. This paper studies the identification and inference for the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-02 Federico A. Bugni , Mengsi Gao , Filip Obradovic , Amilcar Velez

In randomized experiments, regression adjustment can improve the precision of average treatment effect (ATE) estimation using covariates without requiring a correctly specified outcome model. Although well studied in low-dimensional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Dogyoon Song

The Difference-in-Differences (DiD) method is a fundamental tool for causal inference, yet its application is often complicated by missing data. Although recent work has developed robust DiD estimators for complex settings like staggered…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-27 Lorenzo Testa , Edward H. Kennedy , Matthew Reimherr

Response-adaptive clinical trial designs allow targeting a given objective by skewing the allocation of participants to treatments based on observed outcomes. Response-adaptive designs face greater regulatory scrutiny due to potential type…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-19 Stef Baas , Peter Jacko , Sofía S. Villar

We provide a principled way for investigators to analyze randomized experiments when the number of covariates is large. Investigators often use linear multivariate regression to analyze randomized experiments instead of simply reporting the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-08 Adam Bloniarz , Hanzhong Liu , Cun-Hui Zhang , Jasjeet Sekhon , Bin Yu

To increase statistical efficiency in a randomized experiment, researchers often use stratification (i.e., blocking) in the design stage. However, conventional practices of stratification fail to exploit valuable information about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-28 Zikai Li

In randomized experiments with non-compliance scholars have argued that the complier average causal effect (CACE) ought to be the main causal estimand. The literature on inference of the complier average treatment effect (CACE) has focused…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-30 Zhen Zhong , Per Johansson , Junni L. Zhang

G-computation has become a widely used robust method for estimating unconditional (marginal) treatment effects with covariate adjustment in the analysis of randomized clinical trials. Statistical inference in this context typically relies…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-18 Xin Zhang , Haitao Chu , Lin Liu , Satrajit Roychoudhury

It is often important to incorporating covariate information in the design of clinical trials. In literature, there are many designs of using stratification and covariate-adaptive randomization to balance on certain known covariate.…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-08-30 Li-Xin Zhang , Feifang Hu