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The goal of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization problem is to train a predictor that generalizes on all environments. Popular approaches in this field use the hypothesis that such a predictor shall be an \textit{invariant predictor}…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-29 Masanori Koyama , Shoichiro Yamaguchi

The question of whether deep neural networks are good at generalising beyond their immediate training experience is of critical importance for learning-based approaches to AI. Here, we consider tests of out-of-sample generalisation that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Felix Hill , Andrew Lampinen , Rosalia Schneider , Stephen Clark , Matthew Botvinick , James L. McClelland , Adam Santoro

Visual representations underlie object recognition tasks, but they often contain both robust and non-robust features. Our main observation is that image classifiers may perform poorly on out-of-distribution samples because spurious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Chengzhi Mao , Kevin Xia , James Wang , Hao Wang , Junfeng Yang , Elias Bareinboim , Carl Vondrick

In real-world applications, it is important and desirable to learn a model that performs well on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Recently, causality has become a powerful tool to tackle the OOD generalization problem, with the idea resting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-25 Ruoyu Wang , Mingyang Yi , Zhitang Chen , Shengyu Zhu

Out-Of-Distribution generalization (OOD) is all about learning invariance against environmental changes. If the context in every class is evenly distributed, OOD would be trivial because the context can be easily removed due to an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiaxin Qi , Kaihua Tang , Qianru Sun , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang

Machine learning has achieved tremendous success in a variety of domains in recent years. However, a lot of these success stories have been in places where the training and the testing distributions are extremely similar to each other. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Martin Arjovsky

Generalization to out-of-distribution (OOD) data is one of the central problems in modern machine learning. Recently, there is a surge of attempts to propose algorithms that mainly build upon the idea of extracting invariant features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Haotian Ye , Chuanlong Xie , Tianle Cai , Ruichen Li , Zhenguo Li , Liwei Wang

Though remarkable progress has been achieved in various vision tasks, deep neural networks still suffer obvious performance degradation when tested in out-of-distribution scenarios. We argue that the feature statistics (mean and standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Xiaotong Li , Yongxing Dai , Yixiao Ge , Jun Liu , Ying Shan , Ling-Yu Duan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation is considered a hallmark of human and animal intelligence. To achieve OOD through composition, a system must discover the environment-invariant properties of experienced input-output mappings and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 George Dimitriadis , Spyridon Samothrakis

Despite their impressive performance on a wide variety of tasks, modern language models remain susceptible to distribution shifts, exhibiting brittle behavior when evaluated on data that differs in distribution from their training data. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Victoria Lin , Louis-Philippe Morency , Eli Ben-Michael

In the real world, a learning system could receive an input that is unlike anything it has seen during training. Unfortunately, out-of-distribution samples can lead to unpredictable behaviour. We need to know whether any given input belongs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Alireza Shafaei , Mark Schmidt , James J. Little

Modern deep learning techniques have illustrated their excellent capabilities in many areas, but relies on large training data. Optimization-based meta-learning train a model on a variety tasks, such that it can solve new learning tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Penghao Jiang , Ke Xin , Zifeng Wang , Chunxi Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization remains a fundamental challenge in real-world classification, where test distributions often differ substantially from training data. Most existing approaches pursue domain-invariant representations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chen Cheng , Ang Li

The transformer's remarkable ability to perform in-context learning (ICL) has sparked a wide range of studies designed to understand its strengths and limitations. However, a theoretical understanding of when ICL can and cannot generalize…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-30 Soo Min Kwon , Alec S. Xu , Can Yaras , Laura Balzano , Qing Qu

In real word applications, data generating process for training a machine learning model often differs from what the model encounters in the test stage. Understanding how and whether machine learning models generalize under such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-08 Abdulkadir Canatar , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan

Generalization to out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a capability natural to humans yet challenging for machines to reproduce. This is because most learning algorithms strongly rely on the i.i.d.~assumption on source/target data, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Kaiyang Zhou , Ziwei Liu , Yu Qiao , Tao Xiang , Chen Change Loy

Although recent advances in machine learning have shown its success to learn from independent and identically distributed (IID) data, it is vulnerable to out-of-distribution (OOD) data in an open world. Domain generalization (DG) deals with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Thai-Hoang Pham , Xueru Zhang , Ping Zhang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has gained increasing attentions for learning on graphs, as graph neural networks (GNNs) often exhibit performance degradation with distribution shifts. The challenge is that distribution shifts on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Qitian Wu , Fan Nie , Chenxiao Yang , Tianyi Bao , Junchi Yan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning often relies heavily on statistical approaches or predefined assumptions about OOD data distributions, hindering their efficacy in addressing multifaceted challenges of OOD generalization and OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Haoyue Bai , Xuefeng Du , Katie Rainey , Shibin Parameswaran , Yixuan Li

The goal of machine learning is to find models that minimize prediction error on data that has not yet been seen. Its operational paradigm assumes access to a dataset $S$ and articulates a scheme for evaluating how well a given model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Maxim Raginsky , Benjamin Recht
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