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There are two big unsolved mathematical questions in artificial intelligence (AI): (1) Why is deep learning so successful in classification problems and (2) why are neural nets based on deep learning at the same time universally unstable,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-05 Laura Thesing , Vegard Antun , Anders C. Hansen

Deep learning systems achieve remarkable empirical performance, yet the stability of the training process itself remains poorly understood. Training unfolds as a high-dimensional dynamical system in which small perturbations to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhipeng Zhang , Zhenjie Yao , Kai Li , Lei Yang

Because of the impact of extreme heat waves and heat domes on society and biodiversity, their study is a key challenge. We specifically study long-lasting extreme heat waves, which are among the most important for climate impacts. Physics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Valérian Jacques-Dumas , Francesco Ragone , Pierre Borgnat , Patrice Abry , Freddy Bouchet

Accurate and computationally-viable representations of clouds and turbulence are a long-standing challenge for climate model development. Traditional parameterizations that crudely but efficiently approximate these processes are a leading…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-05 Jerry Lin , Mohamed Aziz Bhouri , Tom Beucler , Sungduk Yu , Michael Pritchard

Modern climate projections often suffer from inadequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational limitations, resulting in inaccurate representations of sub-grid processes. A promising technique to address this is the Multiscale…

Global artificial intelligence (AI) models are rapidly advancing and beginning to outperform traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models across metrics, yet predicting regional extreme weather such as tropical cyclone (TC)…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Chanh Kieu , Khanh Luong , Tri Nguyen

Chaotic behavior in dynamical systems poses a significant challenge in trajectory control, traditionally relying on computationally intensive physical models. We present a machine learning-based algorithm to compute the minimum control…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-06-18 David Valle , Rubén Capeáns , Alexandre Wagemakers , Miguel A. F. Sanjuán

Recent advances in deep learning have significantly elevated weather prediction models. However, these models often falter in real-world scenarios due to their sensitivity to spatial-temporal shifts. This issue is particularly acute in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Lu Han , Xu-Yang Chen , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

We uncover a phenomenon largely overlooked by the scientific community utilizing AI: neural networks exhibit high susceptibility to minute perturbations, resulting in significant deviations in their outputs. Through an analysis of five…

Simulation of turbulent flows, especially at the edges of clouds in the atmosphere, is an inherently challenging task. Hitherto, the best possible computational method to perform such experiments is the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS).…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-08-19 Moumita Bhowmik , Manmeet Singh , Suryachandra Rao , Souvik Paul

AI emulators for forecasting have emerged as powerful tools that can outperform conventional numerical predictions. The next frontier is to build emulators for long climate simulations with skill across a range of spatiotemporal scales, a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Surya Dheeshjith , Adam Subel , Alistair Adcroft , Julius Busecke , Carlos Fernandez-Granda , Shubham Gupta , Laure Zanna

Recently, artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) models for forecasting of global weather have been rapidly developed. Most of the global models are trained on reanalysis datasets with a spatial resolution of 0.25{\deg}*0.25{\deg}.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Pengbo Xu , Xiaogu Zheng , Tianyan Gao , Yu Wang , Junping Yin , Juan Zhang , Xuanze Zhang , San Luo , Zhonglei Wang , Zhimin Zhang , Xiaoguang Hu , Xiaoxu Chen

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based data-driven weather forecasting models have experienced rapid progress over the last years. Recent studies, with models trained on reanalysis data, achieve impressive results and demonstrate substantial…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Christopher Bülte , Nina Horat , Julian Quinting , Sebastian Lerch

This paper extends our recent theoretical work concerning the feasibility of stable and accurate computation of turbulence using a large eddy simulation [Ida and Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. E 68, 036705 (2003)]. In our previous paper, it was…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2007-05-23 Masato Ida , Nobuyuki Taniguchi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather prediction (AIWP) models are powerful tools for medium-range forecasts but often lack physical consistency, leading to outputs that violate conservation laws. This study introduces a set of novel…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Yingkai Sha , John S. Schreck , William Chapman , David John Gagne

Blocking events are an important cause of extreme weather, especially long-lasting blocking events that trap weather systems in place. The duration of blocking events is, however, underestimated in climate models. Explainable Artificial…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Huan Zhang , Justin Finkel , Dorian S. Abbot , Edwin P. Gerber , Jonathan Weare

Turbulent flows play an important role in many scientific and technological design problems. Both Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) models in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based modeling will require turbulence…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-07-16 Minghan Chu

Global climate models parameterize a range of atmospheric-oceanic processes like gravity waves, clouds, moist convection, and turbulence that cannot be sufficiently resolved. These subgrid-scale closures for unresolved processes are a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Aman Gupta , Aditi Sheshadri , Sujit Roy , Johannes Schmude , Vishal Gaur , Wei Ji Leong , Manil Maskey , Rahul Ramachandran

Modern weather forecast models perform uncertainty quantification using ensemble prediction systems, which collect nonparametric statistics based on multiple perturbed simulations. To provide accurate estimation, dozens of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Peter Grönquist , Tal Ben-Nun , Nikoli Dryden , Peter Dueben , Luca Lavarini , Shigang Li , Torsten Hoefler

Conventional deep learning prioritizes unconstrained optimization, yet biological systems operate under strict metabolic constraints. We propose that these physical constraints shape dynamics to function not as limitations, but as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Xia Chen