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Cryptocurrency off-chain networks such as Lightning (e.g., Bitcoin) or Raiden (e.g., Ethereum) aim to increase the scalability of traditional on-chain transactions. To support nodes in learning about possible paths to route their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Utz Nisslmueller , Klaus-Tycho Foerster , Stefan Schmid , Christian Decker

Bitcoin has been subject to illicit activities more often than probably any other financial assets, due to the pseudo-anonymous nature of its transacting entities. An ideal detection model is expected to achieve all the three properties of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Ling Cheng , Feida Zhu , Yong Wang , Huiwen Liu

We study security-latency bounds for Nakamoto consensus, i.e., how secure a block is after it becomes $k$-deep in the chain. We improve the state-of-the-art bounds by analyzing the race between adversarial and honest chains in three…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus

Bitcoin has become the leading cryptocurrency system, but the limit on its transaction processing capacity has resulted in increased transaction fees and delayed transaction confirmation. As such, it is pertinent to understand and probably…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Befekadu G. Gebraselase , Bjarne E. Helvik , Yuming Jiang

The security of Bitcoin protocols is deeply dependent on the incentives provided to miners, which come from a combination of block rewards and transaction fees. As Bitcoin experiences more halving events, the protocol reward converges to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Roozbeh Sarenche , Alireza Aghabagherloo , Svetla Nikova , Bart Preneel

The mining of bitcoin is modeled using system dynamics, showing that the past evolution of the network hash rate can be explained to a large extent by an efficient market hypothesis applied to the mining of blocks. The possibility of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Davide Lasi , Lukas Saul

This paper explores the effectiveness of network attack when the attacker has imperfect information about the network. For Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi networks, we observe that dynamical importance and betweenness centrality-based attacks are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-23 Andrew Melchionna , Jesus Caloca , Shane Squires , Thomas M. Antonsen , Edward Ott , Michelle Girvan

We compute the revenue ratio of the Trail Stubborn mining strategy in the Bitcoin network and compare its profitability to other block-withholding strategies. We use for this martingale techniques and a classical analysis of the hiker…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Cyril Grunspan , Ricardo Pérez-Marco

We develop a dynamic model of the Bitcoin market where users set fees themselves and miners decide whether to operate and whom to validate based on those fees. Our analysis reveals how, in equilibrium, users adjust their bids in response to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-02-24 Yuichiro Kamada , Shunya Noda

We describe and analyze perishing mining, a novel block-withholding mining strategy that lures profit-driven miners away from doing useful work on the public chain by releasing block headers from a privately maintained chain. We then…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Tong Cao , Jérémie Decouchant , Jiangshan Yu

Bitcoin-NG is among the first blockchain protocols to approach the \emph{near-optimal} throughput by decoupling blockchain operation into two planes: leader election and transaction serialization. Its decoupling idea has inspired a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Jianyu Niu , Ziyu Wang , Fangyu Gai , Chen Feng

Payment channel networks provide a fast and scalable solution to relay funds, acting as a second layer to slower and less scalable blockchain protocols. In this paper, we present an accessible, low-cost attack in which the attacker…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Ayelet Mizrahi , Aviv Zohar

Bitcoin derives a verifiable temporal order from probabilistic block discovery and cumulative proof-of-work rather than from a trusted global clock. We show that block arrivals exhibit stable exponential behavior across difficulty epochs,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bin Chen , Pan Feng

Mining processes of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies are currently incentivized with voluntary transaction fees and fixed block rewards which will halve gradually to zero. In the setting where optional and arbitrary transaction fee…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Tiantian Gong , Mohsen Minaei , Wenhai Sun , Aniket Kate

We revisit the fundamental question of Bitcoin's security against double spending attacks. While previous work has bounded the probability that a transaction is reversed, we show that no such guarantee can be effectively given if the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-01 Yonatan Sompolinsky , Aviv Zohar

Bitcoin is a "crypto currency", a decentralized electronic payment scheme based on cryptography which has recently gained excessive popularity. Scientific research on bitcoin is less abundant. A paper at Financial Cryptography 2012…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-04-11 Nicolas T. Courtois , Marek Grajek , Rahul Naik

Blockchain (BC) technology can revolutionize future networks by providing a distributed, secure, and unalterable way to boost collaboration among operators, users, and other stakeholders. Its implementations have traditionally been…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Francesc Wilhelmi , Lorenza Giupponi

We investigate Bitcoin network monitoring the dynamics of blocks and transactions. We unveil that 43\% of the transactions are still not included in the Blockchain after 1h from the first time they were seen in the network and 20\% of the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-06 Giuseppe Pappalardo , T. Di Matteo , Guido Caldarelli , Tomaso Aste

Our aim in this paper is to investigate the profitability of double-spending (DS) attacks that manipulate an a priori mined transaction in a blockchain. It was well understood that a successful DS attack is established when the proportion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Jehyuk Jang , Heung-No Lee

Most current assessments use ex post proxies that miss uncertainty and fail to consistently capture the rapid change in bitcoin mining. We introduce a unified, ex ante statistical model that derives expected return, downside risk, and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yuting Cai , Ruthav Sadali , Korok Ray , Chao Tian