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Ethereum smart contracts are highly powerful, immutable, and able to retain massive amounts of tokens. However, smart contracts keep attracting attackers to benefit from smart contract flaws and Ethereum unexpected behavior. Thus,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Wejdene Haouari , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Marios Fokaefs

Solidity is an object-oriented and high-level language for writing smart contracts that are used to execute, verify and enforce credible transactions on permissionless blockchains. In the last few years, analysis of smart contracts has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Chao Peng , Sefa Akca , Ajitha Rajan

Smart contracts are autonomous and immutable pieces of code that are deployed on blockchain networks and run by miners. They were first introduced by Ethereum in 2014 and have since been used for various applications such as security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Mahdi Fooladgar , Fathiyeh Faghih

Scam contracts on Ethereum have rapidly evolved alongside the rise of DeFi and NFT ecosystems, utilizing increasingly complex code obfuscation techniques to avoid early detection. This paper systematically investigates how obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhang Sheng , Tan Kia Quang , Shen Wang , Shengchen Duan , Kai Li , Yue Duan

Blockchain technology has revolutionized contractual processes, enhancing efficiency and trust through smart contracts. Ethereum, as a pioneer in this domain, offers a platform for decentralized applications but is challenged by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Tahrim Hossain , Sakib Hassan , Faisal Haque Bappy , Muhammad Nur Yanhaona , Sarker Ahmed Rumee , Moinul Zaber , Tariqul Islam

The emergence of blockchain technology has revolutionized contract execution through the introduction of smart contracts. Ethereum, the leading blockchain platform, leverages smart contracts to power decentralized applications (DApps),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Tahrim Hossain , Sakib Hassan , Faisal Haque Bappy , Muhammad Nur Yanhaona , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Tariqul Islam

The adoption of blockchain-based distributed computation platforms is growing fast. Some of these platforms, such as Ethereum, provide support for implementing smart contracts, which are envisioned to have novel applications in a broad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Anastasia Mavridou , Aron Laszka

Smart contract vulnerabilities have led to billions in losses, yet finding actionable exploits remains challenging. Traditional fuzzers rely on rigid heuristics and struggle with complex attacks, while human auditors are thorough but slow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Arthur Gervais , Liyi Zhou

The rapid growth of Ethereum has made it more important to quickly and accurately detect smart contract vulnerabilities. While machine-learning-based methods have shown some promise, many still rely on rule-based preprocessing designed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Uisang Lee , Changhoon Chung , Junmo Lee , Soo-Mook Moon

Smart contracts play a pivotal role in blockchain ecosystems, and fuzzing remains an important approach to securing smart contracts. Even though mutation scheduling is a key factor influencing fuzzing effectiveness, existing fuzzers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Keke Gai , Haochen Liang , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Dusit Niyato

In the past few years, several attacks against the vulnerabilities of EOSIO smart contracts have caused severe financial losses to this prevalent blockchain platform. As a lightweight test-generation approach, grey-box fuzzing can open up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Jianfei Zhou , Tianxing Jiang , Shuwei Song , Ting Chen

Second generation blockchain platforms, like Ethereum, can store arbitrary data and execute user-defined smart contracts. Due to the shared nature of blockchains, understanding the usage of blockchain-based applications and the underlying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Christopher Klinkmüller , Ingo Weber , Alexander Ponomarev , An Binh Tran , Wil van der Aalst

Solidity compiler plays a key role in enabling the development of smart contract applications on Ethereum by governing the syntax of a domain-specific language called Solidity and performing compilation and optimization of Solidity code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Haoyang Ma , Wuqi Zhang , Qingchao Shen , Yongqiang Tian , Junjie Chen , Shing-Chi Cheung

Smart contract is a special program that manages digital assets on blockchain. It is difficult to recover the loss if users make transactions through buggy smart contracts, which cannot be directly fixed. Hence, it is important to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Haoran Wu , Xingya Wang , Jiehui Xu , Weiqin Zou , Lingming Zhang , Zhenyu Chen

We introduce the Clockwork Finance Framework (CFF), a general purpose, formal verification framework for mechanized reasoning about the economic security properties of composed decentralized-finance (DeFi) smart contracts. CFF features…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Kushal Babel , Philip Daian , Mahimna Kelkar , Ari Juels

Smart contracts hold digital coins worth billions of dollars, their security issues have drawn extensive attention in the past years. Towards smart contract vulnerability detection, conventional methods heavily rely on fixed expert rules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Zhenguang Liu , Peng Qian , Xiang Wang , Lei Zhu , Qinming He , Shouling Ji

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the run-time environment for smart contracts and its vulnerabilities may lead to serious problems to the Ethereum ecology. With lots of techniques being developed for the validation of smart contracts, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Ying Fu , Meng Ren , Fuchen Ma , Yu Jiang , Heyuan Shi , Jiaguang Sun

Smart contract security has progressed from vulnerability detection toward a broader research agenda that includes semantic reasoning, automated repair, adversarial robustness, and real-time exploit detection. This paper develops a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz

The emergence of smart contracts brings security risks, exposing users to the threat of losing valuable cryptocurrencies, underscoring the urgency of meticulous scrutiny. Nevertheless, the static analysis of smart contracts in EVM bytecode…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Dingding Wang , Jianting He , Yizheng Yang , Lei Wu , Rui Chang , Yajin Zhou

Recent attacks exploiting errors in smart contract code had devastating consequences thereby questioning the benefits of this technology. It is currently highly challenging to fix errors and deploy a patched contract in time. Instant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Michael Rodler , Wenting Li , Ghassan O. Karame , Lucas Davi