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Measurement theory is the cornerstone of science, but no equivalent theory underpins the huge volumes of non-numerical data now being generated. In this study, we show that replacing numbers with alternative mathematical models, such as…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-12-23 David G. Green , Kerri Morgan , Marc Cheong

Sample-based observability characterizes the ability to reconstruct the internal state of a dynamical system by using limited output information, i.e., when measurements are only infrequently and/or irregularly available. In this work, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Isabelle Krauss , Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller

Many organizations describe their processes as consensus-driven, but there is no consensus on the definition of consensus. Qualitative definitions of consensus prioritize social phenomena like "unity" that are not necessarily measurable.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-11-20 David Flater

For a function space $X(\OO)$ satisfying weak assumptions we prove that the generic function in $X(\OO)$ is totally unbounded, hence non-extendable. We provide several examples of such spaces; they are mainly localized versions of classical…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2018-11-13 V. Nestoridis , A. G. Siskakis , A. Stavrianidi , S. Vlachos

The problem of the measurability of the electromagnetic field is investigated 1) in the framework of the abstract restricted-path-integral method, and 2) by explicitly accounting the action of the field onto the meter and its back reaction.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Horst von Borzeszkowski , Michael B. Mensky

We consider Bergman spaces and variations of them in one or several complex variables. For some domains we show that in these spaces the generic function is totally unbounded and hence non - extendable. We also show that the generic…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2017-04-10 T. Hatziafratis , K. Kioulafa , V. Nestoridis

Density functional theory is usually formulated in terms of the density in configuration space. Functionals of the momentum-space density have also been studied, and yet other densities could be considered. We offer a unified view from a…

This paper deals with functions that defined in metric spaces and valued in complete paranormed vector spaces or valued in Banach spaces, and obtains some necessary and sufficient conditions for weak convergence of finite measures.

Probability · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Renying Zeng

Certain notions of convergence of sequences functions such as pointwise convergence and (uniform) convergence on compact or bounded sets come from suitable topological function spaces; see [1]. Under certain conditions these topologies…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-12-22 Luis David Rivera

Similarity metric which is not positive definite, and present a general theorem which provides a large family of similarity metrics which are positive definite.

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-21 Daniel Alpay , Liora Mayats-Alpay

Pivotal within quantum physics, the concept of quantum incompatibility is generally related to algebraic aspects of the formalism, such as commutation relations and unbiasedness of bases. Recently, the concept was identified as a resource…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-24 E. Martins , M. F. Savi , R. M. Angelo

Measurable sets are defined as those locally approximable, in a certain sense, by sets in the given algebra (or ring). A corresponding measure extension theorem is proved. It is also shown that a set is locally approximable in the mentioned…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2017-02-14 Iosif Pinelis

A review of the state of the art of the comparison between any two different modes of convergence of sequences of measurable functions is carried out with focus on the algebraic structure of the families under analysis. As a complement of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-10 L. Bernal-González , M. C. Calderón-Moreno , P. J. Gerlach-Mena , J. A. Prado-Bassas

In Quantum Physics it is not always possible to directly perform the measurement of an obsevable; in some of these cases, however, its value can be {\sl detected}, i.e. it can be inferred by measuring {\sl another} observable characterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-10 Giuseppe Nisticò , Angela Sestito

This is an introduction to measure theory, integration and function spaces, with all the needed preliminaries included, and with some applications included as well. We first discuss some basic motivations, coming from discrete probability,…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Teo Banica

The fact that there are quantum observables without a simultaneous measurement is one of the fundamental characteristics of quantum mechanics. In this work we expand the concept of joint measurability to all kinds of possible measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-19 Teiko Heinosaari , Takayuki Miyadera , Daniel Reitzner

We study universal approximation of continuous functionals on compact subsets of products of Hilbert spaces. We prove that any such functional can be uniformly approximated by models that first take finitely many continuous linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andrey Krylov , Maksim Penkin

In this work, we define the notion of unimodular random measured metric spaces as a common generalization of various other notions. This includes the discrete cases like unimodular graphs and stationary point processes, as well as the…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-07 Ali Khezeli

We study Lusin-measurable functions with values in locally convex spaces. In particular, the behavior of pointwise limits of sequences of Lusin-measurable functions and exhibit pathological phenomena arising in the nonmetrizable setting.…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Matthieu F. Pinaud , Humberto Prado

It is argued that every measurement is made in a certain scale. The scale in which present measuments are made is called present scale which gives present knowledge. Quantities at the limits to present measurement may be observables in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Zhen Wang