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Finetuning a pretrained model has become a standard approach for training neural networks on novel tasks, resulting in fast convergence and improved performance. In this work, we study an alternative finetuning method, where instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Gal Kaplun , Andrey Gurevich , Tal Swisa , Mazor David , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Eran Malach

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning approaches have recently garnered a lot of attention. Having considerably lower number of trainable weights, these methods can bring about scalability and computational effectiveness. In this paper, we look…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Mohammad Akbar-Tajari , Sara Rajaee , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Pretrained transformer-based language models have achieved state of the art across countless tasks in natural language processing. These models are highly expressive, comprising at least a hundred million parameters and a dozen layers.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Jaejun Lee , Raphael Tang , Jimmy Lin

Software is constantly changing, requiring developers to perform several derived tasks in a timely manner, such as writing a description for the intention of the code change, or identifying the defect-prone code changes. Considering that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Bo Lin , Shangwen Wang , Zhongxin Liu , Yepang Liu , Xin Xia , Xiaoguang Mao

Fine-tuning pre-trained contextualized embedding models has become an integral part of the NLP pipeline. At the same time, probing has emerged as a way to investigate the linguistic knowledge captured by pre-trained models. Very little is,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Marius Mosbach , Anna Khokhlova , Michael A. Hedderich , Dietrich Klakow

The pretrain-finetune paradigm usually improves downstream performance over training a model from scratch on the same task, becoming commonplace across many areas of machine learning. While pretraining is empirically observed to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Gabriele Merlin , Vedant Nanda , Ruchit Rawal , Mariya Toneva

Finetuning language models (LMs) is crucial for adapting the models to downstream data and tasks. However, full finetuning is usually costly. Existing work, such as parameter-efficient finetuning (PEFT), often focuses on \textit{how to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jian Gu , Aldeida Aleti , Chunyang Chen , Hongyu Zhang

Self-supervised pre-training of large-scale transformer models on text corpora followed by finetuning has achieved state-of-the-art on a number of natural language processing tasks. Recently, Lu et al. (2021, arXiv:2103.05247) claimed that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Danielle Rothermel , Margaret Li , Tim Rocktäschel , Jakob Foerster

Rapid development of large-scale pre-training has resulted in foundation models that can act as effective feature extractors on a variety of downstream tasks and domains. Motivated by this, we study the efficacy of pre-trained vision models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Oleksiy Ostapenko , Timothee Lesort , Pau Rodríguez , Md Rifat Arefin , Arthur Douillard , Irina Rish , Laurent Charlin

Pre-training a language model and then fine-tuning it has shown to be an efficient and effective technique for a wide range of code intelligence tasks, such as code generation, code summarization, and vulnerability detection. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Zhangqian Bi , Yao Wan , Zhaoyang Chu , Yufei Hu , Junyi Zhang , Hongyu Zhang , Guandong Xu , Hai Jin

Large language models have recently surpassed specialized systems on code generation, yet their effectiveness on other code-analysis tasks remains less clear. At the same time, multi-task learning offers a way to unify diverse objectives…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Amal Akli , Maxime Cordy , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

While there has been much recent work studying how linguistic information is encoded in pre-trained sentence representations, comparatively little is understood about how these models change when adapted to solve downstream tasks. Using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Amil Merchant , Elahe Rahimtoroghi , Ellie Pavlick , Ian Tenney

Pre-trained models have become indispensable for efficiently building models across a broad spectrum of downstream tasks. The advantages of pre-trained models have been highlighted by empirical studies on scaling laws, which demonstrate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-05 Kazuto Fukuchi , Ryuichiro Hataya , Kota Matsui

Pre-trained language models have demonstrated powerful capabilities in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Recently, code pre-trained model (PTM), which draw from the experiences of the NLP field, have also achieved…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yu Zhao , Lina Gong , Haoxiang Zhang , Yaoshen Yu , Zhiqiu Huang

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become a common method for fine-tuning large language models, where a base model can serve multiple users through PEFT module switching. To enhance user experience, base models require periodic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Naibin Gu , Peng Fu , Xiyu Liu , Ke Ma , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang

Finetuning pretrained models occurs in a low-dimensional subspace of the full parameter space. Prior work has focused on characterizing this optimization subspace, but largely ignored the complementary question: why do certain directions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Junjie Yu , Yue Wang , Zihan Deng , Yan Zhu , Wenxiao Ma , Quanying Liu

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) on a diverse array of tasks has become a common approach for building models that can solve various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, where and to what extent these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Shay B. Cohen

Pretrained Transformers achieve state-of-the-art performance in various code-processing tasks but may be too large to be deployed. As software development tools often incorporate modules for various purposes which may potentially use a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Shamil Ayupov , Nadezhda Chirkova

Large pre-trained language models have recently gained significant traction due to their improved performance on various down-stream tasks like text classification and question answering, requiring only few epochs of fine-tuning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Souvik Kundu , Sharath Nittur Sridhar , Maciej Szankin , Sairam Sundaresan

The large models, as predicted by scaling raw forecasts, have made groundbreaking progress in many fields, particularly in natural language generation tasks, where they have approached or even surpassed human levels. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Luping Wang , Sheng Chen , Linnan Jiang , Shu Pan , Runze Cai , Sen Yang , Fei Yang