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Truncated Backpropagation Through Time (truncated BPTT) is a widespread method for learning recurrent computational graphs. Truncated BPTT keeps the computational benefits of Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) while relieving the need for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-24 Corentin Tallec , Yann Ollivier

After the tremendous development of neural networks trained by backpropagation, it is a good time to develop other algorithms for training neural networks to gain more insights into networks. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Benyamin Ghojogh , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide an efficient framework for processing dynamic spatio-temporal signals and for investigating the learning principles underlying biological neural systems. A key challenge in training SNNs is to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Lorenzo Pes , Bojian Yin , Sander Stuijk , Federico Corradi

We introduce Backpropagation Through Time and Space (BPTTS), a method for training a recurrent spatio-temporal neural network, that is used in a homogeneous multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) setting to learn numerical methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Elliot Way , Dheeraj S. K. Kapilavai , Yiwei Fu , Lei Yu

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) is a task that requires a source pre-trained model to continually adapt to new scenarios with changing target distributions. Existing CTTA methods primarily focus on mitigating the challenges of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinlong Li , Dong Zhao , Qi Zang , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma , Nicu Sebe

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) hold immense potential for computations due to their Turing completeness and sequential processing capabilities, yet existing methods for their training encounter efficiency challenges. Backpropagation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jesus Garcia Fernandez , Sander Keemink , Marcel van Gerven

The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

Recurrent networks are typically trained with backpropagation through time (BPTT). However, BPTT requires storing the history of all states in the network and then replaying them sequentially backwards in time. This computation appears…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Beren Millidge

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents performing complex tasks must be able to remember observations and actions across sizable time intervals. This is especially true during the initial learning stages, when exploratory behaviour can increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Thomas Stepleton , Razvan Pascanu , Will Dabney , Siddhant M. Jayakumar , Hubert Soyer , Remi Munos

While Truncated Back-Propagation through Time (BPTT) is the most popular approach to training Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), it suffers from being inherently sequential (making parallelization difficult) and from truncating gradient flow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-17 Sam Wiseman , Sumit Chopra , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Arthur Szlam , Ruoyu Sun , Soumith Chintala , Nicolas Vasilache

Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is the de facto standard for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), but it is non-causal and non-local. Real-time recurrent learning is a causal alternative, but it is highly inefficient. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Guillermo Martín-Sánchez , Sander Bohté , Sebastian Otte

General-purpose robots require diverse repertoires of behaviors to complete challenging tasks in real-world unstructured environments. To address this issue, goal-conditioned reinforcement learning aims to acquire policies that can reach…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Kuan Fang , Patrick Yin , Ashvin Nair , Sergey Levine

Dynamical networks are versatile models that can describe a variety of behaviours such as synchronisation and feedback. However, applying these models in real world contexts is difficult as prior information pertaining to the connectivity…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-08-29 Eugene Tan , Débora Corrêa , Thomas Stemler , Michael Small

The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is often thought to be biologically implausible in the brain. One of the main reasons is that BP requires symmetric weight matrices in the feedforward and feedback pathways. To address this "weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Will Xiao , Honglin Chen , Qianli Liao , Tomaso Poggio

While the backpropagation of error algorithm enables deep neural network training, it implies (i) bidirectional synaptic weight transport and (ii) update locking until the forward and backward passes are completed. Not only do these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-19 Charlotte Frenkel , Martin Lefebvre , David Bol

The ubiquitous backpropagation algorithm requires sequential updates through the network introducing a locking problem. In addition, back-propagation relies on the transpose of forward weight matrices to compute updates, introducing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 David Kappel , Khaleelulla Khan Nazeer , Cabrel Teguemne Fokam , Christian Mayr , Anand Subramoney

Recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) can be implemented very efficiently in neuromorphic systems. Nevertheless, training of these models with powerful gradient-based learning algorithms is mostly performed on standard digital hardware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Maximilian Baronig , Yeganeh Bahariasl , Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

We review Boltzmann machines extended for time-series. These models often have recurrent structure, and back propagration through time (BPTT) is used to learn their parameters. The per-step computational complexity of BPTT in online…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Takayuki Osogami

We introduce the "NoBackTrack" algorithm to train the parameters of dynamical systems such as recurrent neural networks. This algorithm works in an online, memoryless setting, thus requiring no backpropagation through time, and is scalable,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-11-24 Yann Ollivier , Corentin Tallec , Guillaume Charpiat

Neural network (NN)-based methods have emerged as an attractive approach for robot motion planning due to strong learning capabilities of NN models and their inherently high parallelism. Despite the current development in this direction,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Xiao Zang , Miao Yin , Lingyi Huang , Jingjin Yu , Saman Zonouz , Bo Yuan