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The increasing prevalence and growing size of data in modern applications have led to high costs for computation in traditional processor-centric computing systems. Moving large volumes of data between memory devices (e.g., DRAM) and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Geraldo F. Oliveira , Juan Gómez-Luna , Saugata Ghose , Onur Mutlu

Data movement between memory and processors is a major bottleneck in modern computing systems. The processing-in-memory (PIM) paradigm aims to alleviate this bottleneck by performing computation inside memory chips. Real PIM hardware (e.g.,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Jinfan Chen , Juan Gómez-Luna , Izzat El Hajj , Yuxin Guo , Onur Mutlu

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various aspects of human life, yet their immense computational and energy demands pose significant challenges for efficient inference. The memory wall, the growing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Hongyi Li , Songchen Ma , Huanyu Qu , Weihao Zhang , Jia Chen , Junfeng Lin , Fengbin Tu , Rong Zhao

Nowadays, various memory-hungry applications like machine learning algorithms are knocking "the memory wall". Toward this, emerging memories featuring computational capacity are foreseen as a promising solution that performs data process…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jia-Hui Su , Chen-Hua Lu , Jenq Kuen Lee , Andrea Coluccio , Fabrizio Riente , Marco Vacca , Marco Ottavi , Kuan-Hsun Chen

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have seen an increase in popularity recently, as the high internal bandwidth available within 3D-stacked memory provides greater incentive to move some computation into the logic layer of the memory.…

Compute-in-memory (PIM) mitigates the memory wall by performing computation within memory, reducing data movement and improving energy efficiency. DRAM-based PIM is particularly attractive due to its high density, mature manufacturing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Siddhartha Raman Sundara Raman , Siyuan Ma , Lizy Kurian John

Logic-in-memory (LIM) describes the execution of logic gates within memristive crossbar structures, promising to improve performance and energy efficiency. Utilizing only binary values, LIM particularly excels in accelerating binary neural…

In-memory computing is a promising alternative to traditional computer designs, as it helps overcome performance limits caused by the separation of memory and processing units. However, many current approaches struggle with unreliable…

Processing-In-Memory (PIM) is a novel approach that augments existing DRAM memory chips with lightweight logic. By allowing to offload computations to the PIM system, this architecture allows for circumventing the data-bottleneck problem…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-18 André Lopes , Daniel Castro , Paolo Romano

Many modern workloads such as neural network inference and graph processing are fundamentally memory-bound. For such workloads, data movement between memory and CPU cores imposes a significant overhead in terms of both latency and energy. A…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Juan Gómez-Luna , Izzat El Hajj , Ivan Fernandez , Christina Giannoula , Geraldo F. Oliveira , Onur Mutlu

DRAM is the prevalent main memory technology, but its long access latency can limit the performance of many workloads. Although prior works provide DRAM designs that reduce DRAM access latency, their reduced storage capacities hinder the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Haocong Luo , Taha Shahroodi , Hasan Hassan , Minesh Patel , Abdullah Giray Yaglikci , Lois Orosa , Jisung Park , Onur Mutlu

While general-purpose computing follows Von Neumann's architecture, the data movement between memory and processor elements dictates the processor's performance. The evolving compute-in-memory (CiM) paradigm tackles this issue by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Dhandeep Challagundla , Ignatius Bezzam , Riadul Islam

In this paper, we propose FusionCIM, an operator-fusion-driven compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerator architecture for efficient and scalable LLM inference, with three key innovations: (1) a hybrid CIM pipeline architecture that maps QKT…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Zihao Xuan , Jia Chen , Yewen Li , Wei Xuan , Hegan Chen , Xiao Huo , Fengbin Tu

Over the past two decades, the storage capacity and access bandwidth of main memory have improved tremendously, by 128x and 20x, respectively. These improvements are mainly due to the continuous technology scaling of DRAM (dynamic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-12-25 Kevin K. Chang

Many modern and emerging applications must process increasingly large volumes of data. Unfortunately, prevalent computing paradigms are not designed to efficiently handle such large-scale data: the energy and performance costs to move this…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Saugata Ghose , Amirali Boroumand , Jeremie S. Kim , Juan Gómez-Luna , Onur Mutlu

Processing in memory (PiM) represents a promising computing paradigm to enhance performance of numerous data-intensive applications. Variants performing computing directly in emerging nonvolatile memories can deliver very high energy…

The ability to dynamically allocate memory is fundamental in modern programming languages. However, this feature is not adequately supported in current general-purpose PIM devices. To identify key design principles that PIM must consider,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Dongjae Lee , Bongjoon Hyun , Youngjin Kwon , Minsoo Rhu

Computing-in-memory (CiM) is a promising technique to achieve high energy efficiency in data-intensive matrix-vector multiplication (MVM) by relieving the memory bottleneck. Unfortunately, due to the limited SRAM capacity, existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Yiming Chen , Guodong Yin , Zhanhong Tan , Mingyen Lee , Zekun Yang , Yongpan Liu , Huazhong Yang , Kaisheng Ma , Xueqing Li

Neuromorphic or neurally-inspired optimizers rely on local but parallel parameter updates to solve problems that range from quadratic programming to Ising machines. An ideal realization of such an optimizer not only uses a compute-in-memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zihao Chen , Faiek Ahsan , Johannes Leugering , Gert Cauwenberghs , Shantanu Chakrabartty

Memristor-based analog compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures provide a promising substrate for the efficient deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs), owing to superior energy efficiency and computational density. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Taiqiang Wu , Yuxin Cheng , Chenchen Ding , Runming Yang , Xincheng Feng , Wenyong Zhou , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong