Related papers: NL Is Strictly Contained in P
In this paper we present NLML (Natural Language Markup Language), a markup language to describe the syntactic and semantic structure of any grammatically correct English expression. At first the related works are analyzed to demonstrate the…
Given a formal language L specified in various ways, we consider the problem of determining if L is nonempty. If L is indeed nonempty, we find upper and lower bounds on the length of the shortest string in L.
Contradictory results about the encoding of the semantic impact of negation in pretrained language models (PLMs). have been drawn recently (e.g. Kassner and Sch{\"u}tze (2020); Gubelmann and Handschuh (2022)). In this paper we focus rather…
A new class UF of problems is introduced, strictly included in the class NP, which arises in the analysis of the time verifying the intermediate results of computations. The implications of the introduction of this class are considered.…
Large Language Models (LLMs) have become capable of generating highly fluent text in certain languages, without modules specially designed to capture grammar or semantic coherence. What does this mean for the future of linguistic expertise…
We study the language-theoretic properties of the word problem, in the sense of Duncan & Gilman, of weakly compressible monoids, as defined by Adian & Oganesian. We show that if $\mathcal{C}$ is a reversal-closed super-$\operatorname{AFL}$,…
We study the computational complexity of the parsing problem of a variant of Lambek Categorial Grammar that we call {\em semidirectional}. In semidirectional Lambek calculus $\SDL$ there is an additional non-directional abstraction rule…
This paper considers the word problem for free inverse monoids of finite rank from a language theory perspective. It is shown that no free inverse monoid has context-free word problem; that the word problem of the free inverse monoid of…
We give in this paper additional answers to questions of Lescow and Thomas [Logical Specifications of Infinite Computations, In:"A Decade of Concurrency", Springer LNCS 803 (1994), 583-621], proving new topological properties of omega…
We survey results on the formalization and independence of mathematical statements related to major open problems in computational complexity theory. Our primary focus is on recent findings concerning the (un)provability of complexity…
We investigate the extent to which Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas can be uniquely characterized by a finite set of labeled examples. We consider different types of examples, ranging from finite words to transfinite words, as well as…
This paper presents a restricted form of linear indexed grammars, called even linear indexed grammars, which yield the even linear indexed languages. These languages properly contain the context-free languages and are contained in the set…
Formal languages are sets of strings of symbols described by a set of rules specific to them. In this note, we discuss a certain class of formal languages, called regular languages, and put forward some elementary results. The properties of…
We study the expressive power of fragments of inclusion and independence logic defined by restricting the number k of universal quantifiers in formulas. Assuming the so-called strict semantics for these logics, we relate these fragments of…
We initiate a complexity theoretic study of the language based graph reachability problem (L-REACH) : Fix a language L. Given a graph whose edges are labeled with alphabet symbols of the language L and two special vertices s and t, test if…
This work, shows how propositional resolution can be generalized to obtain a resolution proof system for constrained pseudo-propositional logic (CPPL), which is an extension resulted from inserting the natural numbers with few constraints…
This paper talks about difference between P and NP by using topological space that mean resolution principle. I pay attention to restrictions of antecedent and consequent in resolution, and show what kind of influence the restrictions have…
We prove that the class of linear context-free tree languages is not closed under inverse linear tree homomorphisms. The proof is by contradiction: we encode Dyck words into a context-free tree language and prove that its preimage under a…
The paper is focused on temporal logics for the description of the behaviour of real-time pushdown reactive systems. The paper is motivated to bridge tractable logics specialized for expressing separately dense-time real-time properties and…
In this paper we show derivations among logarithmic space bounded counting classes based on closure properties of $\#L$ that leads us to the result that $NL=C_=L\subseteq PL$.