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In communication networks many different channels must share a limited amount of resources. In order to allow for multiple simultaneous communications, multiple access techniques are routinely employed. With quantum communication, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Juan Carlos Garcia-Escartin , Pedro Chamorro-Posada

A crucial open problem in large-scale quantum networks is how to efficiently transmit quantum data among many pairs of users via a common data-transmission medium. We propose a solution by developing a quantum code division multiple access…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-13 Jing Zhang , Yu-xi Liu , Sahin Kaya Ozdemir , Re-Bing Wu , Feifei Gao , Xiang-Bin Wang , Lan Yang , Franco Nori

Quantum networks will provide multi-node entanglement over long distances to enable secure communication on a global scale. Traditional quantum communication protocols consume pair-wise entanglement, which is sub-optimal for distributed…

Future quantum networks will be hybrid structures, constructed from complex architectures of quantum repeaters interconnected by quantum channels that describe a variety of physical domains; predominantly optical-fiber and free-space links.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Cillian Harney , Alasdair I. Fletcher , Stefano Pirandola

The practical utility of a quantum network depends on its ability to establish entanglement between arbitrary node pairs with quality sufficient to execute entanglement enabled tasks. This capability can be assessed globally, through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Md Sohel Mondal , Shashank Shekhar , Siddhartha Santra

Quantum key distribution is an effective encryption technique which can be used to perform secure quantum communication between satellite and ground stations. Quantum cryptography enhances security in various networks such as optical fibers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-20 Vishal Sharma , Subhashish Banerjee

Entanglement is a vital resource for realizing many tasks such as teleportation, secure key distribution, metrology and quantum computations. To effectively build entanglement between different quantum systems and share information between…

The multi-access channels in quantum information theory are considered. Classical messages from independent sources, which are represented as some quantum states, are transported by a channel to one address. The messages can interact with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. E. Allahverdyan , D. B. Saakian

The realization of the Quantum Internet promises transformative capabilities in secure communication, distributed quantum computing, and high-precision metrology. However, transitioning from laboratory experiments to a scalable,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Athanasios Gkelias , Felix T. A. Burt , Kin K. Leung

The intense growth of quantum computation and communication allows the development of advanced solutions and services. Networked quantum services are provided for the users via quantum computers and quantum networking. Here, we review the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-30 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Qubit transmission protocols are presently point-to-point, and thus restrictive in their functionality. A quantum router is necessary for the quantum Internet to become a reality. We present a quantum router design based on teleportation,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Bernardo A. Huberman , Bob Lund

Quantum Information Networks (QINs) attract increasing interest, as they enable connecting quantum devices over long distances, thus greatly enhancing their intrinsic computing, sensing, and security capabilities. The core mechanism of a…

Quantum and private communications are affected by a fundamental limitation which severely restricts the optimal rates that are achievable by two distant parties. To overcome this problem, one needs to introduce quantum repeaters and, more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-30 Stefano Pirandola

The development of quantum technologies has been accelerating in the last decade, turning them into emerging technologies that need explicit attention by decision-makers at national funding agencies, companies and governments. In this paper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Pieter E. Vermaas , Luca Possati , Zeki C. Seskir

Protocols for quantum communication between massive particles, such as atoms, are usually based on transmitting nonclassical light, and/or super-high finesse optical cavities are normally needed to enhance interaction between atoms and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Lu-Ming Duan , J. I. Cirac , P. Zoller , E. S. Polzik

Network tomography refers to the use of inference techniques for inferring internal network states from end-to-end probes. Quantum probes, implemented by sending blocks of $n$ coherent-state pulses augmented with continuous-variable (CV)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Yufei Zheng , Zihao Gong , Saikat Guha , Don Towsley

Quantum network is fragile to disturbances when qubits are transmitted through quantum channel. Reliability is an essential requirement for a quantum network and even the future quantum internet. A metric is needed to describe the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-27 Ying Liu

Quantum networks based on atomic qubits and scattered photons provide a promising way to build a large-scale quantum information processor. We review quantum protocols for generating entanglement and operating gates between two distant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 L. Luo , D. Hayes , T. A. Manning , D. N. Matsukevich , P. Maunz , S. Olmschenk , J. D. Sterk , C. Monroe

Entangled quantum networks provide great flexibilities and scalabilities for quantum information processing or quantum Internet. Most of results are focused on the nonlocalities of quantum networks. Our goal in this work is to explore new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-06 Ming-Xing Luo

The key objective of the Quantum Internet is the distribution and manipulation of entanglement to enable unprecedented applications. This requires a radical departure from classical Internet design principles, such as the end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti