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While there are many advantages to deploying machine learning models on edge devices, the resource constraints of mobile platforms, the dynamic nature of the environment, and differences between the distribution of training versus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Cynthia Dong , Hong Jia , Young D. Kwon , Georgios Rizos , Cecilia Mascolo

Deep neural networks often degrade under distribution shifts. Although domain adaptation offers a solution, privacy constraints often prevent access to source data, making Test-Time Adaptation (TTA, which adapts using only unlabeled test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Linjing You , Jiabao Lu , Xiayuan Huang

Test-Time Adaptation aims to adapt source domain model to testing data at inference stage with success demonstrated in adapting to unseen corruptions. However, these attempts may fail under more challenging real-world scenarios. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising solution to adapt pre-trained models to new, unseen data distributions using unlabeled target domain data. However, most TTA methods are designed for independent data, often overlooking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ting Dang , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Hong Jia , Yu Wu , Flora Salim , Fahim Kawsar

Fully-test-time adaptation (F-TTA) can mitigate performance loss due to distribution shifts between train and test data (1) without access to the training data, and (2) without knowledge of the model training procedure. In online F-TTA, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Skyler Seto , Barry-John Theobald , Federico Danieli , Navdeep Jaitly , Dan Busbridge

Test-time adaptation (TTA) for large language models (LLMs) updates model parameters at inference time using signals available at deployment. This paper focuses on a common yet under-explored regime: unsupervised, sample-specific TTA, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Longhuan Xu , Cunjian Chen , Feng Yin

Robust facial expression recognition in unconstrained, "in-the-wild" environments remains challenging due to significant domain shifts between training and testing distributions. Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a promising solution by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Mohammadmahdi Honarmand , Onur Cezmi Mutlu , Parnian Azizian , Saimourya Surabhi , Dennis P. Wall

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai

Real-world vision models in dynamic environments face rapid shifts in domain distributions, leading to decreased recognition performance. Using unlabeled test data, continuous test-time adaptation (CTTA) directly adjusts a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Baoming Zhang , Yunhui Guo

This paper studies continual test-time adaptation (CTTA), the task of adapting a model to constantly changing unseen domains in testing while preserving previously learned knowledge. Existing CTTA methods mostly focus on adaptation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sohyun Lee , Nayeong Kim , Juwon Kang , Seong Joon Oh , Suha Kwak

While the design of blind image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms has improved significantly, the distribution shift between the training and testing scenarios often leads to a poor performance of these methods at inference time. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Subhadeep Roy , Shankhanil Mitra , Soma Biswas , Rajiv Soundararajan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to boost the generalization capability of a trained model by conducting self-/unsupervised learning during the testing phase. While most existing TTA methods for video primarily utilize visual supervisory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Runhao Zeng , Qi Deng , Ronghao Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Jian Chen , Xiping Hu , Victor C. M. Leung

Although action recognition systems can achieve top performance when evaluated on in-distribution test points, they are vulnerable to unanticipated distribution shifts in test data. However, test-time adaptation of video action recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Wei Lin , Muhammad Jehanzeb Mirza , Mateusz Kozinski , Horst Possegger , Hilde Kuehne , Horst Bischof

We introduce Ev-TTA, a simple, effective test-time adaptation algorithm for event-based object recognition. While event cameras are proposed to provide measurements of scenes with fast motions or drastic illumination changes, many existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Junho Kim , Inwoo Hwang , Young Min Kim

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adjusting the model during the testing phase to cope with changes in sample distribution and enhance the model's adaptability to new environments. In real-world scenarios, models often encounter samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziqiong Liu , Yushun Tang , Junyang Ji , Zhihai He

Wearable human activity recognition (WHAR) models often suffer from performance degradation under real-world cross-user distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates this degradation by adapting models online using unlabeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zishu Zhou , Zaipeng Xie , Xuanyao Jie

Deploying models on target domain data subject to distribution shift requires adaptation. Test-time training (TTT) emerges as a solution to this adaptation under a realistic scenario where access to full source domain data is not available…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (MM-TTA) adapts models to an unlabeled target domain by leveraging the complementary multi-modal inputs in an online manner. While previous MM-TTA methods for 3D segmentation offer a promising solution by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Haozhi Cao , Yuecong Xu , Pengyu Yin , Xingyu Ji , Shenghai Yuan , Jianfei Yang , Lihua Xie

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have become prominent in open-world image recognition for their strong generalization abilities. Yet, their effectiveness in practical applications is compromised by domain shifts and distributional changes,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Qiyuan Dai , Sibei Yang
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