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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are searching for nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) through cross-correlation of pulse arrival times from a set of radio pulsars. PTAs have relied upon a frequency-shift formula of the pulse, where…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-03 Ryousuke Kubo , Kakeru Yamahira , Hideki Asada

The observations from pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), led by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), have provided opportunities to constrain primordial gravitational waves at low frequencies. In this…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-07 Lu Yin

A new detection method for ultra-low frequency gravitational waves (GWs) with a frequency much lower than the observational range of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) was suggested in Yonemaru et al. (2016). In the PTA analysis, ultra-low…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-05-02 Naoyuki Yonemaru , Hiroki Kumamoto , Keitaro Takahashi , Sachiko Kuroyanagi

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are limited in localizing nanohertz continuous gravitational waves (CGWs) by uncertainties in pulsar distances. We introduce a method to infer pulsar distances in two dimensions, using phase information from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-23 Si-Ren Xiao , Ji-Yu Song , Yue Shao , Ling-Feng Wang , Jing-Fei Zhang , Xin Zhang

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) will become one of the world-leading telescopes for pulsar timing array (PTA) research. The primary goals for PTAs are to detect (and subsequently study) ultra-low-frequency…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-07-03 G. Hobbs , S. Dai , R. N. Manchester , R. M. Shannon , M. Kerr , K. J. Lee , R. Xu

Globally, Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have revealed evidence supporting an existing gravitational wave background (GWB) signal in the PTA data set. Apart from acquiring more observations, the sensitivity of PTA experiments can be…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-03 El Mehdi Zahraoui , Patricio Maturana-Russel , Willem van Straten , Renate Meyer , Sergei Gulyaev

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) are approaching the sensitivity required for a $5\sigma$ detection of the nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB). This makes it crucial to deeply understand the behaviour of our analysis…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-27 Irene Ferranti , Mikel Falxa , Federico Fantoccoli , Alberto Sesana , Golam Mohiuddin Shaifullah

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) can be used to search for very low frequency ($10^{-9}$--$10^{-7}$ Hz) gravitational waves (GWs). In this paper we present a general method for the detection and localization of single-source GWs using PTAs. We…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-27 Xing-Jiang Zhu , Linqing Wen , George Hobbs , Yilin Zhang , Yan Wang , Dustin R. Madison , Richard N. Manchester , Matthew Kerr , Pablo A. Rosado , Jingbo Wang

An astrophysical population of supermassive black hole binaries is thought to be the strongest source of gravitational waves in the frequency range covered by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). A potential cause for concern is that the standard…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-01-23 Neil J. Cornish , A. Sesana

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) are rapidly advancing toward the detection of continuous gravitational waves from individual supermassive binary black holes. While it is well established that coherently utilizing the ``pulsar term" requires…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-30 Chao-Fan Wen , Yi-Qin Chen , Shi-Yi Zhao , Hao Ding , Xingjiang Zhu

In this paper we attempt to investigate the nature of the first gravitational wave (GW) signal to be detected by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs): will it be an individual, resolved supermassive black hole binary (SBHB), or a stochastic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 Pablo A. Rosado , Alberto Sesana , Jonathan Gair

We have constructed a new timescale, TT(IPTA16), based on observations of radio pulsars presented in the first data release from the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA). We used two analysis techniques with independent estimates of the…

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) are a collection of precisely timed millisecond pulsars (MSPs) that can search for gravitational waves (GWs) in the nanohertz frequency range by observing characteristic signatures in the timing residuals. The…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Brian Christy , Ryan Anella , Andrea Lommen , Lee Samuel Finn , Richard Camuccio , Emma Handzo

The nanohertz stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) is an excellent early universe laboratory for testing the fundamental properties of gravity. In this letter, we elucidate on the full potential of pulsar timing array (PTA) by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-24 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are anticipated to detect the stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) as well as the gravitational waves from individual BBHs. Recently, a common process signal…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-21 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

We describe the design of a gravitational wave timing array, a novel scheme that can be used to search for low-frequency gravitational waves by monitoring continuous gravitational waves at higher frequencies. We show that observations of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-07-25 María José Bustamante-Rosell , Joel Meyers , Noah Pearson , Cynthia Trendafilova , Aaron Zimmerman

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) detect gravitational waves (GWs) via the correlations they create in the arrival times of pulses from different pulsars. The mean correlation, a function of the angle between the directions to two pulsars, was…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-24 Bruce Allen , Joseph D. Romano

In an accompanying publication, the MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array (MPTA) collaboration reports tentative evidence for the presence of a stochastic gravitational-wave background, following observations of similar signals from the European and…

The recent announcement of evidence for a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) in pulsar timing array (PTA) data has piqued interest across the scientific community. A combined analysis of all currently available data holds…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-01 Serena Valtolina , Rutger van Haasteren

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are currently the only experiments directly sensitive to gravitational waves with decade-long periods. Within the next five to ten years, PTAs are expected to detect the stochastic gravitational-wave background…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-04 Yacine Ali-Haïmoud , Tristan L. Smith , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli