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An extension of standard quantum mechanics is proposed in which the Newtonian time appearing as a parameter in the unitary evolution operator is replaced with the time shown by a `quantum clock'. Such a clock is defined by the following…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Dorje C. Brody , Lane P. Hughston

The phase of matter waves depends on proper time and is therefore susceptible to special-relativistic (kinematic) and gravitational (redshift) time dilation. Hence, it is conceivable that atom interferometers measure general-relativistic…

It has recently been reported [\textit{PNAS} \textbf{114}, 2303 (2017)] that, under an operational definition of time, quantum clocks would get entangled through gravitational effects. Here we study an alternative scenario: the clocks have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 Jieci Wang , Tonghua Liu , Jiliang Jing , Songbai Chen

Clocks play a special role at the interface of general relativity and quantum mechanics. We analyze a clock-interferometry thought experiment and go on to theoretically derive and experimentally test a complementarity relation for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Zhifan Zhou , Yair Margalit , Daniel Rohrlich , Yonathan Japha , Ron Folman

The measurement of time durations or instants of ocurrence of events has been frequently modelled ``operationally'' by coupling the system of interest to a ``clock''. According to several of these models the operational approach is limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 D. Alonso , R. Sala Mayato , J. G. Muga

The conflict between quantum theory and the theory of relativity is exemplified in their treatment of time. We examine the ways in which their conceptions differ, and describe a semiclassical clock model combining elements of both theories.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Maximilian P. E. Lock , Ivette Fuentes

Understanding different aspects of time is at the core of many areas in theoretical physics. Minimal models of continuous stochastic and quantum clocks have been proposed to explore fundamental limitations on the performance of timekeeping…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ludmila Viotti , Marcus Huber , Rosario Fazio , Gonzalo Manzano

Given a bipartite quantum system in an energy eigenstate, the dynamical description for one component can be derived via entanglement using the other component as a clock. This is the essence of the Page and Wootters mechanism. Moreover, if…

We present a derivation of the structure and dynamics of a ticking clock by showing that for finite systems a single natural principle serves to distinguish what we understand as ticking clocks from time-keeping systems in general. As a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-06 Ralph Silva , Nuriya Nurgalieva , Henrik Wilming

A clock is, from an information-theoretic perspective, a system that emits information about time. One may therefore ask whether the theory of information imposes any constraints on the maximum precision of clocks. Here we show a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-28 Mischa P. Woods , Ralph Silva , Gilles Pütz , Sandra Stupar , Renato Renner

We investigate a model of a supposedly ideal clock based on the decay rate of a charged particle in circular motion in a constant magnetic field. We show that the time measured by an ideal clock depends on the acceleration. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-20 Roberto Pierini , Krzysztof Turzynski , Andrzej Dragan

We analyze the nature and performance of clocks formed by stabilizing an oscillator to the phase difference between two paths of an atom interferometer. The phase evolution has been modeled as being driven by the proper-time difference…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2014-02-27 Steven Peil , Christopher R. Ekstrom

We derive the predicted time dilation of delocalized atomic clocks in an optical lattice setup in the presence of a gravitational field to leading order in quantum relativistic corrections. We investigate exotic quantum states of motion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Yanglin Hu , Maximilian P. E. Lock , Mischa P. Woods

The Conditional Probability Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics replaces the abstract notion of time used in standard Quantum Mechanics by the time that can be read off from a physical clock. The use of physical clocks leads to apparent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-13 Vincent Corbin , Neil J. Cornish

Clock synchronisation relies on time-frequency transfer procedures which involve quantum fields. We use the conformal symmetry of such fields to define as quantum operators the time and frequency exchanged in transfer procedures and to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Marc-Thierry Jaekel , Serge Reynaud

A quantum clock working as a control device is examined. The quality of the control process is characterized by the magnitude of deviation of perturbed state from unperturbed state of the controlled system. Uncertainty relations that relate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-18 Takayuki Miyadera

Quantum theory and relativity offer different conceptions of time. To explore the conflict between them, we study a quantum version of the light-clock commonly used to illustrate relativistic time dilation. This semiclassical model combines…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Maximilian P. E. Lock , Ivette Fuentes

A partially alternative derivation of the expression for the time dilation effect in a uniform static gravitational field is obtained by means of a thought experiment in which rates of clocks at rest at different heights are compared using…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Marco Alberici

We derive a Hamiltonian for the external and internal dynamics of an electromagnetically bound, charged two-particle system in external electromagnetic and gravitational fields, including leading-order relativistic corrections. We apply…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2024-02-06 V. J. Martínez-Lahuerta , S. Eilers , T. E. Mehlstäubler , P. O. Schmidt , K. Hammerer

Time-like and space-like invariant space-time intervals are used to analyse measurements of spatial and temporal distances defined by two spatially-separated clocks. The time dilatation effect is confirmed, but not `relativity of…

General Physics · Physics 2009-09-01 J. H. Field