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The Ising model, originally proposed a century ago, has become a cornerstone of combinatorial optimization in recent decades. However, Ising machines remain constrained by a fundamental hardware-speed trade-off. We introduce the Bounce-Bind…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Haiyang Zhang , Hao Wang , Rui Zhou , Sheng Chang

We present an oscillator model with both phase and amplitude dynamics for oscillator-based Ising machines (OIMs). The model targets combinatorial optimization problems with polynomial cost functions of arbitrary order and addresses…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lianlong Sun , Matthew X. Burns , Michael C. Huang

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), in which the "strongest" collective mode of oscillation at well above threshold corresponds to an optimum solution of a given Ising problem. When a pump…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Y. Yamamoto , T. Leleu , S. Ganguli , H. Mabuchi

Ising Machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths of its binary spins. Using the intrinsic dynamics and different annealing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Afshin Houshang , Mohammad Zahedinejad , Shreyas Muralidhar , Jakub Checinski , Ahmad A. Awad , Johan Åkerman

We study large networks of parametric oscillators as heuristic solvers of random Ising models. In these networks, known as coherent Ising machines, the model to be solved is encoded in the coupling between the oscillators, and a solution is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-04-12 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Leon Bello , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre , Avi Pe'er

The exact solution of the Schrodinger equation for atoms, molecules and extended systems continues to be a "Holy Grail" problem for the field of atomic and molecular physics since inception. Recently, breakthroughs have been made in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-02 Rongxin Xia , Teng Bian , Sabre Kais

In recent years, quantum Ising machines have drawn a lot of attention, but due to physical implementation constraints, it has been difficult to achieve dense coupling, such as full coupling with sufficient spins to handle practical…

We present a methodology for generating Ising Hamiltonians of tunable complexity and with a priori known ground states based on a decomposition of the model graph into edge-disjoint subgraphs. The idea is illustrated with a spin-glass model…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-04-17 Firas Hamze , Darryl C. Jacob , Andrew J. Ochoa , Dilina Perera , Wenlong Wang , Helmut G. Katzgraber

Recent technological breakthroughs have precipitated the availability of specialized devices that promise to solve NP-Hard problems faster than standard computers. These `Ising Machines' are however analog in nature and as such inevitably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-18 Tameem Albash , Victor Martin-Mayor , Itay Hen

We introduce a novel framework for simulating spin models using differentiable programming, an approach that leverages the advancements in machine learning and computational efficiency. We focus on three distinct spin systems: the Ising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-05-28 Tiago de Souza Farias , Vitor Vaz Schultz , José Carlos Merino Mombach , Jonas Maziero

Combinatorial optimization problems are funda- mental for various fields ranging from finance to wireless net- works. This work presents a simulated bifurcation (SB) Ising solver in CMOS for NP-hard optimization problems. Analog domain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Alana Marie Dee , Sajjad Moazeni

Analog computing using bosonic computational states is a leading approach to surpassing the computational speed and energy limitations of von Neumann architectures. But the challenges of manufacturing large-scale photonic integrated…

Optics · Physics 2025-07-22 Farhad Khosravi , Martin Perreault , Artur Scherer , Pooya Ronagh

Probabilistic machine learning enabled by the Bayesian formulation has recently gained significant attention in the domain of automated reasoning and decision-making. While impressive strides have been made recently to scale up the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Kezhou Yang , Akul Malhotra , Sen Lu , Abhronil Sengupta

The common feature for a nontrivial hard problem is the existence of nontrivial topological structures, non-planarity graphs, nonlocalities, or long-range spin entanglements in a model system with randomness. For instance, the Boolean…

General Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Zhidong Zhang

The equivalence between the natural minimization of energy in a dynamical system and the minimization of an objective function characterizing a combinatorial optimization problem offers a promising approach to designing dynamical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Antik Mallick , Mohammad Khairul Bashar , Zongli Lin , Nikhil Shukla

Computationally hard combinatorial optimization problems are pervasive in science and engineering, yet their NP-hard nature renders them increasingly inefficient to solve on conventional von Neumann architectures as problem size grows.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Yu Qian , Alptekin Vardar , Konrad Seidel , David Lehninger , Maximilian Lederer , Zhiguo Shi , Cheng Zhuo , Kai Ni , Thomas Kämpfe , Xunzhao Yin

A linear-time algorithm is presented for the construction of the Gibbs distribution of configurations in the Ising model, on a quantum computer. The algorithm is designed so that each run provides one configuration with a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Daniel A. Lidar , Ofer Biham

We propose a novel type of minor-embedding (ME) in simulated-annealing-based Ising machines. The Ising machines can solve combinatorial optimization problems. Many combinatorial optimization problems are mapped to find the ground…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-12-07 Tatsuhiko Shirai , Shu Tanaka , Nozomu Togawa

One of the main bottlenecks in solving combinatorial optimization problems with quantum annealers is the qubit connectivity in the hardware. A possible solution for larger connectivty is minor embedding. This techniques makes the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 Michele Cattelan , Jemma Bennett , Sheir Yarkoni , Wolfgang Lechner

Oscillator-based Ising machines (OIMs) and oscillator-based Potts machines (OPMs) have emerged as promising hardware accelerators for solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems by leveraging the phase dynamics of coupled…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Ceyhun Efe Kayan , Ilknur Mustafazade , Nagarajan Kandasamy , Baris Taskin