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Fueled by the expressive power of deep neural networks, normalizing flows have achieved spectacular success in generative modeling, or learning to draw new samples from a distribution given a finite dataset of training samples. Normalizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Yuehaw Khoo , Michael Lindsey , Hongli Zhao

In many practical fluid dynamics experiments, measuring variables such as velocity and pressure is possible only at a limited number of sensor locations, \textcolor{black}{for a few two-dimensional planes, or for a small 3D domain in the…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-07-14 Ali Girayhan Özbay , Sylvain Laizet

We address the problem of 3D rotation equivariance in convolutional neural networks. 3D rotations have been a challenging nuisance in 3D classification tasks requiring higher capacity and extended data augmentation in order to tackle it. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Carlos Esteves , Christine Allen-Blanchette , Ameesh Makadia , Kostas Daniilidis

Variational inference relies on flexible approximate posterior distributions. Normalizing flows provide a general recipe to construct flexible variational posteriors. We introduce Sylvester normalizing flows, which can be seen as a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-21 Rianne van den Berg , Leonard Hasenclever , Jakub M. Tomczak , Max Welling

Generating new molecules is fundamental to advancing critical applications such as drug discovery and material synthesis. Flows can generate molecules effectively by inverting the encoding process, however, existing flow models either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yogesh Verma , Samuel Kaski , Markus Heinonen , Vikas Garg

We demonstrate several techniques to encourage practical uses of neural networks for fluid flow estimation. In the present paper, three perspectives which are remaining challenges for applications of machine learning to fluid dynamics are…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-05-19 Masaki Morimoto , Kai Fukami , Kai Zhang , Koji Fukagata

Robotic manipulation in unstructured environments requires the generation of robust and long-horizon trajectory-level policy with conditions of perceptual observations and benefits from the advantages of SE(3)-equivariant diffusion models…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhitao Wang , Yanke Wang , Jiangtao Wen , Roberto Horowitz , Yuxing Han

Unrolled networks have been widely used for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) reconstruction due to their efficiency. However, they typically exhibit unstable output quality across cascades, resulting in sub-optimal final reconstruction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Kehan Qi , Saumya Gupta , Xiaoling Hu , Qingqiao Hu , Weimin Lyu , Chao Chen

Recent work has shown that Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) can serve as generative models of images using the perspective of Continuous Normalizing Flows (CNFs). Such models offer exact likelihood calculation, and invertible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Vikram Voleti , Chris Finlay , Adam Oberman , Christopher Pal

The development of safety validation methods is essential for the safe deployment and operation of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). One of the goals of safety validation is to prospectively evaluate the risk of an ADS dealing with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Erwin de Gelder , Maren Buermann , Olaf Op den Camp

We introduce stochastic normalizing flows, an extension of continuous normalizing flows for maximum likelihood estimation and variational inference (VI) using stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Using the theory of rough paths, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-27 Liam Hodgkinson , Chris van der Heide , Fred Roosta , Michael W. Mahoney

In this paper, we propose normalizing flows (NF) as a novel probability density function (PDF) turbulence model (NF-PDF model) for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. We propose to use normalizing flows in two different…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-01-12 Deniz A. Bezgin , Nikolaus A. Adams

The so-called trivializing flows were proposed to speed up Hybrid Monte Carlo simulations, where the Wilson flow was used as an approximation of a trivializing map, a transformation of the gauge fields which trivializes the theory. It was…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2023-10-06 David Albandea , Luigi Del Debbio , Pilar Hernández , Richard Kenway , Joe Marsh Rossney , Alberto Ramos

Unbinned likelihood fits aim at maximizing the information one can extract from experimental data, yet their application in realistic statistical analyses is often hindered by the computational cost of profiling systematic uncertainties.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-16 Davide Valsecchi , Mauro Donegà , Rainer Wallny

To overcome topological constraints and improve the expressiveness of normalizing flow architectures, Wu, K\"ohler and No\'e introduced stochastic normalizing flows which combine deterministic, learnable flow transformations with stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Paul Hagemann , Johannes Hertrich , Gabriele Steidl

A normalizing flow models a complex probability density as an invertible transformation of a simple density. The invertibility means that we can evaluate densities and generate samples from a flow. In practice, autoregressive flow-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-06 Conor Durkan , Artur Bekasov , Iain Murray , George Papamakarios

A generative model based on a continuous-time normalizing flow between any pair of base and target probability densities is proposed. The velocity field of this flow is inferred from the probability current of a time-dependent density that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Michael S. Albergo , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

Sampling from unnormalized densities is analogous to the generative modeling problem, but the target distribution is defined by a known energy function instead of data samples. Because evaluating the energy function is often costly, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Aaron Havens , Brian Karrer , Neta Shaul

Normalizing flows are a class of probabilistic generative models which allow for both fast density computation and efficient sampling and are effective at modelling complex distributions like images. A drawback among current methods is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Jason J. Yu , Konstantinos G. Derpanis , Marcus A. Brubaker

We propose a new Neural Galerkin Normalizing Flow framework to approximate the transition probability density function of a diffusion process by solving the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation with an atomic initial distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Riccardo Saporiti , Fabio Nobile