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We analyze the DQN reinforcement learning algorithm as a stochastic approximation scheme using the o.d.e. (for 'ordinary differential equation') approach and point out certain theoretical issues. We then propose a modified scheme called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 K. E. Avrachenkov , V. S. Borkar , H. P. Dolhare , K. Patil

A novel reinforcement learning algorithm is introduced for multiarmed restless bandits with average reward, using the paradigms of Q-learning and Whittle index. Specifically, we leverage the structure of the Whittle index policy to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Konstantin E. Avrachenkov , Vivek S. Borkar

This paper analyzes reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for Markov decision processes (MDPs) under the average-reward criterion. We focus on Q-learning algorithms based on relative value iteration (RVI), which are model-free stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Yi Wan , Huizhen Yu , Richard S. Sutton

Instability and variability of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms tend to adversely affect their performance. Averaged-DQN is a simple extension to the DQN algorithm, based on averaging previously learned Q-values estimates, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Oron Anschel , Nir Baram , Nahum Shimkin

Deep Q-learning algorithms often suffer from poor gradient estimations with an excessive variance, resulting in unstable training and poor sampling efficiency. Stochastic variance-reduced gradient methods such as SVRG have been applied to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Haonan Jia , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu , Wei Zeng , Hao Jiang , Xiaohui Yan , Ji-Rong Wen

In this paper we consider reinforcement learning tasks with progressive rewards; that is, tasks where the rewards tend to increase in magnitude over time. We hypothesise that this property may be problematic for value-based deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Michael Dann , John Thangarajah

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) systems with general goals beyond a cumulative sum of rewards have gained traction, such as in constrained problems, exploration, and acting upon prior experiences. In this paper, we consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Junyu Zhang , Alec Koppel , Amrit Singh Bedi , Csaba Szepesvari , Mengdi Wang

Despite the empirical success of the deep Q network (DQN) reinforcement learning algorithm and its variants, DQN is still not well understood and it does not guarantee convergence. In this work, we show that DQN can indeed diverge and cease…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Zhikang T. Wang , Masahito Ueda

We study the Whittle index learning algorithm for restless multi-armed bandits. We consider index learning algorithm with Q-learning. We first present Q-learning algorithm with exploration policies -- epsilon-greedy, softmax,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Vishesh Mittal , Rahul Meshram , Surya Prakash

This paper applies the authors' recent results on asynchronous stochastic approximation (SA) in the Borkar-Meyn framework to reinforcement learning in average-reward semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs). We establish the convergence of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Huizhen Yu , Yi Wan , Richard S. Sutton

Option-critic learning is a general-purpose reinforcement learning (RL) framework that aims to address the issue of long term credit assignment by leveraging temporal abstractions. However, when dealing with extended timescales, discounting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Akshay Dharmavaram , Matthew Riemer , Shalabh Bhatnagar

We present a novel definition of the reinforcement learning state, actions and reward function that allows a deep Q-network (DQN) to learn to control an optimization hyperparameter. Using Q-learning with experience replay, we train two DQNs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-06-21 Samantha Hansen

There exist a number of reinforcement learning algorithms which learnby climbing the gradient of expected reward. Their long-runconvergence has been proved, even in partially observableenvironments with non-deterministic actions, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Lex Weaver , Nigel Tao

Reinforcement learning usually makes use of numerical rewards, which have nice properties but also come with drawbacks and difficulties. Using rewards on an ordinal scale (ordinal rewards) is an alternative to numerical rewards that has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Alexander Zap , Tobias Joppen , Johannes Fürnkranz

Potential Based Reward Shaping combined with a potential function based on appropriately defined abstract knowledge has been shown to significantly improve learning speed in Reinforcement Learning. MultiGrid Reinforcement Learning (MRL) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 John Burden , Daniel Kudenko

We introduce a novel approach to hierarchical reinforcement learning for Linearly-solvable Markov Decision Processes (LMDPs) in the infinite-horizon average-reward setting. Unlike previous work, our approach allows learning low-level and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Guillermo Infante , Anders Jonsson , Vicenç Gómez

In this work, we build on recent advances in distributional reinforcement learning to give a generally applicable, flexible, and state-of-the-art distributional variant of DQN. We achieve this by using quantile regression to approximate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Will Dabney , Georg Ostrovski , David Silver , Rémi Munos

The performance of Deep Q-Networks (DQN) is critically dependent on the ability of its underlying neural network to accurately approximate the action-value function. Standard function approximators, such as multi-layer perceptrons, may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Saman Yazdannik , Morteza Tayefi , Shamim Sanisales

This paper presents a novel neural network training approach for faster convergence and better generalization abilities in deep reinforcement learning. Particularly, we focus on the enhancement of training and evaluation performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Mohammed Sharafath Abdul Hameed , Gavneet Singh Chadha , Andreas Schwung , Steven X. Ding

Value functions derived from Markov decision processes arise as a central component of algorithms as well as performance metrics in many statistics and engineering applications of machine learning techniques. Computation of the solution to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Adithya M. Devraj , Ioannis Kontoyiannis , Sean P. Meyn
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