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ICD coding is the international standard for capturing and reporting health conditions and diagnosis for revenue cycle management in healthcare. Manually assigning ICD codes is prone to human error due to the large code vocabulary and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Youngwoo Kim , Cheng Li , Bingyang Ye , Amir Tahmasebi , Javed Aslam

Automated ICD coding involves assigning standardized diagnostic codes to clinical narratives. The vast label space and extreme class imbalance continue to challenge precise prediction. To address these issues, LabGraph is introduced -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xiaoxiao Deng

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhichao Yang , Sunjae Kwon , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

Background Clinical studies using real-world data may benefit from exploiting clinical reports, a particularly rich albeit unstructured medium. To that end, natural language processing can extract relevant information. Methods based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Basile Dura , Charline Jean , Xavier Tannier , Alice Calliger , Romain Bey , Antoine Neuraz , Rémi Flicoteaux

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding procedure which refers to tagging medical notes with diagnosis codes has been shown to be effective and crucial to the billing system in medical sector. Currently, ICD codes are assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Biplob Biswas , Thai-Hoang Pham , Ping Zhang

Machine learning-based multi-label medical text classifications can be used to enhance the understanding of the human body and aid the need for patient care. We present a broad study on clinical natural language processing techniques to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Vithya Yogarajan , Jacob Montiel , Tony Smith , Bernhard Pfahringer

Mapping clinical documents to standardised clinical vocabularies is an important task, as it provides structured data for information retrieval and analysis, which is essential to clinical research, hospital administration and improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Warren Del-Pinto , Goran Nenadic

Medical coding, the translation of unstructured clinical text into standardized medical codes, is a crucial but time-consuming healthcare practice. Though large language models (LLM) could automate the coding process and improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 John Wu , David Wu , Jimeng Sun

This study aims to explore the implementation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to automate the coding of medical letters with visualised explainability and light-weighted local computer settings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Jamie Glen , Lifeng Han , Paul Rayson , Goran Nenadic

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with average length of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to a high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhichao Yang , Shufan Wang , Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat , Avijit Mitra , Hong Yu

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is the international standard for classifying diseases and procedures during a healthcare encounter and is widely used for healthcare reporting and management purposes. Assigning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 George Michalopoulos , Michal Malyska , Nicola Sahar , Alexander Wong , Helen Chen

The clinical notes are usually typed into the system by physicians. They are typically required to be marked by standard medical codes, and each code represents a diagnosis or medical treatment procedure. Annotating these notes is time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Guodong Liu

The delivery of mental healthcare through psychotherapy stands to benefit immensely from developments within Natural Language Processing (NLP), in particular through the automatic identification of patient specific qualities, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Frederik Bredgaard , Martin Lund Trinhammer , Elisa Bassignana

Clinical patient notes are critical for documenting patient interactions, diagnoses, and treatment plans in medical practice. Ensuring accurate evaluation of these notes is essential for medical education and certification. However, manual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Jingyu Xu , Yifeng Jiang , Bin Yuan , Shulin Li , Tianbo Song

NLP has achieved great progress in the past decade through the use of neural models and large labeled datasets. The dependence on abundant data prevents NLP models from being applied to low-resource settings or novel tasks where significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Jiaao Chen , Derek Tam , Colin Raffel , Mohit Bansal , Diyi Yang

This study investigates the feasibility and performance of federated learning (FL) for multi-label ICD code classification using clinical notes from the MIMIC-IV dataset. Unlike previous approaches that rely on centralized training or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Binbin Xu , Gérard Dray

Codification of free-text clinical narratives have long been recognised to be beneficial for secondary uses such as funding, insurance claim processing and research. The current scenario of assigning codes is a manual process which is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Rajvir Kaur , Jeewani Anupama Ginige , Oliver Obst

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a set of classification codes for medical records. Automated ICD coding, which assigns unique International Classification of Diseases codes with each medical record, is widely used recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Shi Wang , Daniel Tang , Luchen Zhang , Huilin Li , Ding Han

A ubiquitous task in processing electronic medical data is the assignment of standardized codes representing diagnoses and/or procedures to free-text documents such as medical reports. This is a difficult natural language processing task…