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Quantifying the impact of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) sources on power-flow distribution system cases is arduous. Existing distribution system tools predominately model distributed generation sources as either negative PQ…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-12 Naeem Turner-Bandele , Amritanshu Pandey , Larry Pileggi

The growing use of inverter-based resources in modern power systems has made grid-following inverters a central topic in power-system modeling, control, and simulation. Despite their widespread deployment, introductory material that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Muhammad Hamza Ali , Amritanshu Pandey

With an increasing share of renewable energy sources, accurate and efficient modeling of grid-forming inverters is becoming crucial for system stability. Linear methods are a powerful tool for understanding dynamics close to an operating…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-30 Jakob Niehues , Anna Büttner , Anne Riegler , Frank Hellmann

The synchronized operation of power generators is the foundation of electric power network stability and a key to the prevention of undesired power outages and blackouts. Here, we derive the conditions that guarantee synchronization in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-01 Amirhossein Sajadi , Rick Wallace Kenyon , Bri-Mathias Hodge

In this paper virtual synchronous generation (VSG) approach is investigated in application to low- and zero-inertia grids operated by grid-forming (GFM) inverters. The key idea here is to introduce dynamic inertia and damping constants in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-07 Oleg O. Khamisov , Stepan P. Vasilev

In this paper we are interested in the problem of adaptive synchronization of a voltage source converter with a possibly weak grid with unknown angle and frequency, but knowledge of its parameters. To guarantee a suitable synchronization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-17 Daniele Zonetti , Alexey Bobtsov , Romeo Ortega , Nikolay Nikolaev , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

As the proportion of converter-interfaced renewable energy resources in the power system is increasing, the strength of the power grid at the connection point of wind turbine generators (WTGs) is gradually weakening. Existing research has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Mohammad Kazem Bakhshizadeh , Sujay Ghosh , Guangya Yang , Łukasz Kocewiak

In this paper, we address the problem of stability and frequency regulation of a recently proposed inverter. In this type of inverter, the DC-side capacitor emulates the inertia of a synchronous generator. First, we remodel the dynamics…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Pooya Monshizadeh , Claudio De Persis , Tjerk Stegink , Nima Monshizadeh , Arjan van der Schaft

Grid-forming inverters control the power transfer between the AC and DC sides of an electrical grid while maintaining the frequency and voltage of the AC side. This paper focuses on ensuring large-signal stability of an electrical grid with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-18 Jared Miller , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Roy S. Smith , Gabriela Hug

Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

We study the global asymptotic behavior of a grid-connected constant field current synchronous generator (SG). The grid is regarded as an "infinite bus", i.e. a three-phase AC voltage source. The generator does not include any controller…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-10-18 Vivek Natarajan , George Weiss

The integration of renewable energy sources in the course of the energy transition is accompanied by grid decentralization and fluctuating power feed-in characteristics. This raises new challenges for power system stability and design. We…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-16 Katrin Schmietendorf , Joachim Peinke , Rudolf Friedrich , Oliver Kamps

Due to the rise of distributed energy resources, the control of networks of grid-forming inverters is now a pressing issue for power system operation. Droop control is a popular control strategy in the literature for frequency control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Kevin D. Smith , Saber Jafarpour , Francesco Bullo

In recent years, the contribution of renewable energy resources to the electrical grid has increased drastically; the most common of these are photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines. These resources rely on inverters to interface with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 John Slane , Adam Mate

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin

With the increased penetration of renewable energy and reduced proportion of synchronous generators, the low-inertia characteristics of todays power system become prominent, and the transient stability issue of grid following converter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-20 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Zhanning Liu , Baorong Zhou , Junjie Li , Wangqianyun Tang

With the fast-increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the voltage support capability of the grid following (GFL) IBRs under low voltage ride through (LVRT) control significantly influences the transient voltage stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Qian

Voltage regulation under conventional grid-forming controllers is tightly coupled to power sharing and dc-link dynamics. Consequently, its tracking accuracy deteriorates during grid faults, sudden power sharing changes, or dc-bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng , Xuefeng Wang , Xinchen Yao

Synchronous generators and inverter-based resources are complex systems with dynamics that cut across multiple intertwined physical domains and control loops. Modeling individual generators and inverters is, in itself, a very involved…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 D. Venkatramanan , Manish K. Singh , Olaolu Ajala , Alejandro Dominguez-Garcia , Sairaj Dhople