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We show that any $n$-variate polynomial computable by a syntactically multilinear circuit of size $\operatorname{poly}(n)$ can be computed by a depth-$4$ syntactically multilinear ($\Sigma\Pi\Sigma\Pi$) circuit of size at most…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Mrinal Kumar , Rafael Oliveira , Ramprasad Saptharishi

We present a construction for circuits with low gate count and depth, implementing three- and four-body Pauli-Z product operators as they appear in the form of plaquette-shaped constraints in QAOA when using the parity mapping. The circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Josua Unger , Anette Messinger , Benjamin E. Niehoff , Michael Fellner , Wolfgang Lechner

$\mathrm{QAC}^0$ is the family of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits consisting of arbitrary single qubit unitaries and multi-qubit Toffoli gates. It was introduced by Moore [arXiv: 9903046] as a quantum counterpart of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Anurag Anshu , Yangjing Dong , Fengning Ou , Penghui Yao

We provide an $\Omega(log(n))$ lower bound for the depth of any quantum circuit generating the unique groundstate of Kitaev's spherical code. No circuit-depth lower bound was known before on this code in the general case where the gates can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-10 Dorit Aharonov , Yonathan Touati

One of the major open problems in complexity theory is to demonstrate an explicit function which requires super logarithmic depth, a.k.a, the $\mathbf{P}$ versus $\mathbf{NC^1}$ problem. The current best depth lower bound is $(3-o(1))\cdot…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Hao Wu

Parent-identifying set system is a kind of combinatorial structures with applications to broadcast encryption. In this paper we investigate the maximum number of blocks $I_2(n,4)$ in a $2$-parent-identifying set system with ground set size…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Yujie Gu , Shohei Satake

QAC$^0$ is the class of constant-depth quantum circuits with polynomially many ancillary qubits, where Toffoli gates on arbitrarily many qubits are allowed. In this work, we show that the parity function cannot be computed in QAC$^0$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-11 Ashley Montanaro , Changpeng Shao , Dominic Verdon

We establish an explicit link between depth-3 formulas and one-sided approximation by depth-2 formulas, which were previously studied independently. Specifically, we show that the minimum size of depth-3 formulas is (up to a factor of n)…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-05-11 Shuichi Hirahara

In this paper we give subexponential size hitting sets for bounded depth multilinear arithmetic formulas. Using the known relation between black-box PIT and lower bounds we obtain lower bounds for these models. For depth-3 multilinear…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-12-01 Rafael Oliveira , Amir Shpilka , Ben Lee Volk

We prove lower bounds for the Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) in the Sum-of-Squares (SoS) proof system. Our main result is that for every Boolean function $f: \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}$, SoS requires degree $\Omega(s^{1-\epsilon})$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Per Austrin , Kilian Risse

The approximate degree of a Boolean function $f\colon\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}$ is the minimum degree of a real polynomial $p$ that approximates $f$ pointwise: $|f(x)-p(x)|\leq1/3$ for all $x\in\{0,1\}^n.$ For every $\delta>0,$ we construct CNF…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Alexander A. Sherstov

We prove two new upper bounds for depth-2 linear circuits computing the $N$th disjointness matrix $D^{\otimes N}$. First, we obtain a circuit of size $O\big(2^{1.24485N}\big)$ over $\{0,1\}$. Second, we obtain a circuit of degree…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lixi Ye

We seek to develop better upper bound guarantees on the depth of quantum CZ gate, CNOT gate, and Clifford circuits than those reported previously. We focus on the number of qubits $n\,{\leq}\,$1,345,000 [1], which represents the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Dmitri Maslov , Ben Zindorf

Polynomial Identity Testing (PIT) is a fundamental computational problem. The famous depth-$4$ reduction result by Agrawal and Vinay (FOCS 2008) has made PIT for depth-$4$ circuits an enticing pursuit. A restricted depth-4 circuit computing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Pranjal Dutta , Prateek Dwivedi , Nitin Saxena

The class P is in fact a proper sub-class of NP. We explore topological properties of the Hamming space 2^[n] where [n]={1, 2,..., n}. With the developed theory, we show: (i) a theorem that is closely related to Erdos and Rado's sunflower…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-10-23 Junichiro Fukuyama

The approximate degree of a Boolean function is the minimum degree of real polynomial that approximates it pointwise. For any Boolean function, its approximate degree serves as a lower bound on its quantum query complexity, and generically…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Mark Bun , Nadezhda Voronova

We prove that the directed graph reachability problem (transitive closure) can be solved by monotone fan-in 2 boolean circuits of depth (1/2+o(1))(log n)^2, where n is the number of nodes. This improves the previous known upper bound…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-09-23 Sergey Volkov

In this long overdue second installment, we continue to develop the conformal bootstrap program for ${\mathcal N}=4$ superconformal field theories in four dimensions via an analysis of the correlation function of four stress-tensor…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-07-24 Christopher Beem , Leonardo Rastelli , Balt C. van Rees

We show that sharp thresholds for Boolean functions directly imply average-case circuit lower bounds. More formally we show that any Boolean function exhibiting a sharp enough threshold at \emph{arbitrary} critical density cannot be…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-07-17 David Gamarnik , Elchanan Mossel , Ilias Zadik

We study depth lower bounds against non-monotone circuits, parametrized by a new measure of non-monotonicity: the orientation of a function $f$ is the characteristic vector of the minimum sized set of negated variables needed in any…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-02-04 Sajin Koroth , Jayalal Sarma