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Shapley effects are attracting increasing attention as sensitivity measures. When the value function is the conditional variance, they account for the individual and higher order effects of a model input. They are also well defined under…

Computation · Statistics 2021-10-13 Elmar Plischke , Giovanni Rabitti , Emanuele Borgonovo

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Many existing approaches for estimating feature importance are problematic because they ignore or hide dependencies among features. A causal graph, which encodes the relationships among input variables, can aid in assigning feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Jiaxuan Wang , Jenna Wiens , Scott Lundberg

The recently developed Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs) have shown very promising results for applications in low-data regimes. The TabPFN model, a special case of PFNs for tabular data, is able to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 David Rundel , Julius Kobialka , Constantin von Crailsheim , Matthias Feurer , Thomas Nagler , David Rügamer

In this paper we introduce a metric aimed at helping machine learning practitioners quickly summarize and communicate the overall importance of each feature in any black-box machine learning prediction model. Our proposed metric, based on a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-27 Nickalus Redell

Data Shapley has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. It can effectively identify helpful or harmful data points for a learning algorithm. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

In recent years, network models have become more complex with the development of big data. Therefore, more advanced network analysis is required. In this paper, we introduce a new quantitative measure named combinatorial evaluation, which…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Taiki Yamada

Shapley values, originating in game theory and increasingly prominent in explainable AI, have been proposed to assess the contribution of facts in query answering over databases, along with other similar power indices such as Banzhaf…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Pratik Karmakar , Mikaël Monet , Pierre Senellart , Stéphane Bressan

Researchers in explainable artificial intelligence have developed numerous methods for helping users understand the predictions of complex supervised learning models. By contrast, explaining the $\textit{uncertainty}$ of model outputs has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-01 David S. Watson , Joshua O'Hara , Niek Tax , Richard Mudd , Ido Guy

Algorithmic fairness is of utmost societal importance, yet state-of-the-art large-scale machine learning models require training with massive datasets that are frequently biased. In this context, pre-processing methods that focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Adrian Arnaiz-Rodriguez , Nuria Oliver

In this article, we provide an axiomatic characterization of feature attribution for multi-output predictors within the Shapley framework. While SHAP explanations are routinely computed independently for each output coordinate, the…

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The current state-of-the-art is the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) that locally explains variable impact on individual predictions,…

The concept of probabilistic values, such as Beta Shapley values and weighted Banzhaf values, has gained recent attention in applications like feature attribution and data valuation. However, exact computation of these values is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Weida Li , Yaoliang Yu

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for trustworthy machine learning (ML), particularly in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance. Shapley value (SV) methods provide a principled framework for feature…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-03 Wangxuan Fan , Siqi Li , Doudou Zhou , Yohei Okada , Chuan Hong , Molei Liu , Nan Liu

Reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable success in complex decision-making environments, yet its lack of transparency limits its deployment in practice, especially in safety-critical settings. Shapley values from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Daniel Beechey , Özgür Şimşek

With the widespread use of sophisticated machine learning models in sensitive applications, understanding their decision-making has become an essential task. Models trained on tabular data have witnessed significant progress in explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Lahiri , Kamran Alipour , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi

The Shapley effects are global sensitivity indices: they quantify the impact of each input variable on the output variable in a model. In this work, we suggest new estimators of these sensitivity indices. When the input distribution is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-02-14 Baptiste Broto , François Bachoc , Marine Depecker

Explaining the predictions of opaque machine learning algorithms is an important and challenging task, especially as complex models are increasingly used to assist in high-stakes decisions such as those arising in healthcare and finance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 David S. Watson

Shapley values are one of the main tools used to explain predictions of tree ensemble models. The main alternative to Shapley values are Banzhaf values that have not been understood equally well. In this paper we make a step towards filling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Adam Karczmarz , Anish Mukherjee , Piotr Sankowski , Piotr Wygocki

Shapley data valuation provides a principled, axiomatic framework for assigning importance to individual datapoints, and has gained traction in dataset curation, pruning, and pricing. However, it is a combinatorial measure that requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Rodrigo Mendoza-Smith