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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the trustworthiness of AI systems. Methods using prior information (i.e., subspace-based methods) have shown effective performance by extracting information geometry to detect OOD data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Kaiyu Guo , Zijian Wang , Tan Pan , Brian C. Lovell , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh

Detecting and rejecting unknown out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is critical for deployed neural networks to void unreliable predictions. In real-world scenarios, however, the efficacy of existing OOD detection methods is often impeded by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Sheng Jin , Chao Chen , Ze Chen , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Jieping Ye

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies at the heart of robust artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to identify samples from novel distributions beyond the training set. Recent approaches have exploited feature representations as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tarhib Al Azad , Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

An issue concerning the use of deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents is whether they can be trusted to perform reliably when deployed, as training environments may not reflect real-life environments. Anticipating instances outside their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Mohit Prashant , Arvind Easwaran , Suman Das , Michael Yuhas

Deep neural networks suffer from the overconfidence issue in the open world, meaning that classifiers could yield confident, incorrect predictions for out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Thus, it is an urgent and challenging task to detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Qiuyu Zhu , Guohui Zheng , Yingying Yan

Deep Learning models possess two key traits that, in combination, make their use in the real world a risky prospect. One, they do not typically generalize well outside of the distribution for which they were trained, and two, they tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Jonathan S. Kent , Bo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples outside the training category space, which is an essential component in building reliable machine learning systems. Existing reviews on OOD detection primarily focus on method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuo Lu , Yingsheng Wang , Lijun Sheng , Lingxiao He , Aihua Zheng , Jian Liang

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for determining when a supervised model encounters inputs that differ meaningfully from its training distribution. While widely studied in classification, OOD detection for regression and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-16 Min Lu , Hemant Ishwaran

Machine Learning classifiers used in Brain-Computer Interfaces make classifications based on the distribution of data they were trained on. When they need to make inferences on samples that fall outside of this distribution, they can only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Merlijn Quincent Mulder , Matias Valdenegro-Toro , Andreea Ioana Sburlea , Ivo Pascal de Jong

Data outside the problem domain poses significant threats to the security of AI-based intelligent systems. Aiming to investigate the data domain and out-of-distribution (OOD) data in AI quality management (AIQM) study, this paper proposes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Tinghui Ouyang , Isao Echizen , Yoshiki Seo

LiDAR-based 3D object detection has become an essential part of automated driving due to its ability to localize and classify objects precisely in 3D. However, object detectors face a critical challenge when dealing with unknown foreground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Michael Kösel , Marcel Schreiber , Michael Ulrich , Claudius Gläser , Klaus Dietmayer

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao

Applying machine learning to increasingly high-dimensional problems with sparse or biased training data increases the risk that a model is used on inputs outside its training domain. For such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, the model can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Juniper Tyree , Andreas Rupp , Petri S. Clusius , Michael H. Boy

Unsupervised continual learning aims to learn new tasks incrementally without requiring human annotations. However, most existing methods, especially those targeted on image classification, only work in a simplified scenario by assuming all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Jiangpeng He , Fengqing Zhu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task in machine learning, particularly for safety-critical applications where unexpected inputs must be reliably flagged. While hierarchical variational autoencoders (HVAEs) offer improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Dane Williamson , Yangfeng Ji , Matthew Dwyer

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains challenging for deep learning models, particularly when test-time OOD samples differ significantly from training outliers. We propose OODD, a novel test-time OOD detection method that dynamically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yifeng Yang , Lin Zhu , Zewen Sun , Hengyu Liu , Qinying Gu , Nanyang Ye

The ability to detect objects that are not prevalent in the training set is a critical capability in many 3D applications, including autonomous driving. Machine learning methods for object recognition often assume that all object categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zizhao Li , Xueyang Kang , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Understanding the relationships between data points in the latent decision space derived by the deep learning system is critical to evaluating and interpreting the performance of the system on real world data. Detecting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-20 Katie Rainey , Erin Hausmann , Donald Waagen , David Gray , Donald Hulsey

To detect distribution shifts and improve model safety, many out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods rely on the predictive uncertainty or features of supervised models trained on in-distribution data. In this paper, we critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yucen Lily Li , Daohan Lu , Polina Kirichenko , Shikai Qiu , Tim G. J. Rudner , C. Bayan Bruss , Andrew Gordon Wilson