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Autonomous cyber agents may be developed by applying reinforcement and deep reinforcement learning (RL/DRL), where agents are trained in a representative environment. The training environment must simulate with high-fidelity the network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Li Li , Jean-Pierre S. El Rami , Adrian Taylor , James Hailing Rao , Thomas Kunz

Given the success of reinforcement learning (RL) in various domains, it is promising to explore the application of its methods to the development of intelligent and autonomous cyber agents. Enabling this development requires a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Li Li , Raed Fayad , Adrian Taylor

Recently, reinforcement and deep reinforcement learning (RL/DRL) have been applied to develop autonomous agents for cyber network operations(CyOps), where the agents are trained in a representative environment using RL and particularly DRL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Li Li , Jean-Pierre S. El Rami , Ryan Kerr , Adrian Taylor , Grant Vandenberghe

Simulated environments have proven invaluable in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) where Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can be trained without the computational overhead of emulation. These environments must accurately represent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the development of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making agents in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Maxwell Standen , Martin Lucas , David Bowman , Toby J. Richer , Junae Kim , Damian Marriott

Autonomous Cyber Defence is required to respond to high-tempo cyber-attacks. To facilitate the research in this challenging area, we explore the utility of the autonomous cyber operation environments presented as part of the Cyber Autonomy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Mitchell Kiely , David Bowman , Maxwell Standen , Christopher Moir

Embodied agents, such as robots and virtual characters, must continuously select actions to execute tasks effectively, solving complex sequential decision-making problems. Given the difficulty of designing such controllers manually,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pedro Santana

We introduce ComputerRL, a framework for autonomous desktop intelligence that enables agents to operate complex digital workspaces skillfully. ComputerRL features the API-GUI paradigm, which unifies programmatic API calls and direct GUI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hanyu Lai , Xiao Liu , Yanxiao Zhao , Han Xu , Hanchen Zhang , Bohao Jing , Yanyu Ren , Shuntian Yao , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang

While reinforcement learning (RL) can empower autonomous agents by enabling self-improvement through interaction, its practical adoption remains challenging due to costly rollouts, limited task diversity, unreliable reward signals, and…

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) rely on Reinforcement Learning (RL) to train agents to make effective decisions in the cybersecurity domain. However, existing ACO applications require agents to learn from scratch, leading to slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Ranwa Al Mallah

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising method to learn control policies for robots only from demonstration and experience. To cover the whole dynamic behaviour of the robot, DRL training is an active exploration process typically…

Open-ended learning (OEL) -- which emphasizes training agents that achieve broad capability over narrow competency -- is emerging as a paradigm to develop artificial intelligence (AI) agents to achieve robustness and generalization.…

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the consideration of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making models in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Callum Baillie , Maxwell Standen , Jonathon Schwartz , Michael Docking , David Bowman , Junae Kim

Hardening cyber physical assets is both crucial and labor-intensive. Recently, Machine Learning (ML) in general and Reinforcement Learning RL) more specifically has shown great promise to automate tasks that otherwise would require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Thomas Kunz , Christian Fisher , James La Novara-Gsell , Christopher Nguyen , Li Li

CybORG++ is an advanced toolkit for reinforcement learning research focused on network defence. Building on the CAGE 2 CybORG environment, it introduces key improvements, including enhanced debugging capabilities, refined agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Harry Emerson , Liz Bates , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Technological trends show that Radio Frequency Reinforcement Learning (RFRL) will play a prominent role in the wireless communication systems of the future. Applications of RFRL range from military communications jamming to enhancing WiFi…

The rapid increase in the number of cyber-attacks in recent years raises the need for principled methods for defending networks against malicious actors. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as a promising approach for mitigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Gregory Palmer , Chris Parry , Daniel J. B. Harrold , Chris Willis

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been demonstrated suitable to develop agents that play complex games with human-level performance. However, it is not understood how to effectively use RL to perform cybersecurity tasks. To develop such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Andres Molina-Markham , Cory Miniter , Becky Powell , Ahmad Ridley

In recent years, Reinforcement Learning (RL), has become a popular field of study as well as a tool for enterprises working on cutting-edge artificial intelligence research. To this end, many researchers have built RL frameworks such as…

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising approach to solve complex control tasks by learning policies through interactions with the environment. However, the training of DRL policies requires large amounts of training experiences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Hongpeng Cao , Mirco Theile , Federico G. Wyrwal , Marco Caccamo
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