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Continual learning refers to a dynamical framework in which a model receives a stream of non-stationary data over time and must adapt to new data while preserving previously acquired knowledge. Unluckily, neural networks fail to meet these…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-24 Umberto Cappellazzo , Daniele Falavigna , Alessio Brutti

We study how different output layer parameterizations of a deep neural network affects learning and forgetting in continual learning settings. The following three effects can cause catastrophic forgetting in the output layer: (1) weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Timothée Lesort , Thomas George , Irina Rish

Continual learning aims to learn new tasks without forgetting previously learned ones. We hypothesize that representations learned to solve each task in a sequence have a shared structure while containing some task-specific properties. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Sayna Ebrahimi , Franziska Meier , Roberto Calandra , Trevor Darrell , Marcus Rohrbach

In this work, we study the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting in the graph representation learning scenario. The primary objective of the analysis is to understand whether classical continual learning techniques for flat and sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Antonio Carta , Andrea Cossu , Federico Errica , Davide Bacciu

The application of cognitive mechanisms to support knowledge acquisition is, from our point of view, crucial for making the resulting models coherent, efficient, credible, easy to use and understandable. In particular, there are two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-02-20 Fernando Martínez-Plumed , Cèsar Ferri , José Hernández-Orallo , María José Ramírez-Quintana

Supervised Continual learning involves updating a deep neural network (DNN) from an ever-growing stream of labeled data. While most work has focused on overcoming catastrophic forgetting, one of the major motivations behind continual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Md Yousuf Harun , Jhair Gallardo , Tyler L. Hayes , Christopher Kanan

Continual learning (CL) aims to train models on a sequence of tasks while retaining performance on previously learned ones. A core challenge in this setting is catastrophic forgetting, where new learning interferes with past knowledge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Meng Ding , Jinhui Xu , Kaiyi Ji

Task-incremental continual learning refers to continually training a model in a sequence of tasks while overcoming the problem of catastrophic forgetting (CF). The issue arrives for the reason that the learned representations are forgotten…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yun Luo , Xiaotian Lin , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Forgetting is often seen as an unwanted characteristic in both human and machine learning. However, we propose that forgetting can in fact be favorable to learning. We introduce "forget-and-relearn" as a powerful paradigm for shaping the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Hattie Zhou , Ankit Vani , Hugo Larochelle , Aaron Courville

Continual learning (CL) is a setting in which an agent has to learn from an incoming stream of data sequentially. CL performance evaluates the model's ability to continually learn and solve new problems with incremental available…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Josh Andle , Salimeh Yasaei Sekeh

This paper proposes inverse feature learning as a novel supervised feature learning technique that learns a set of high-level features for classification based on an error representation approach. The key contribution of this method is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Behzad Ghazanfari , Fatemeh Afghah , MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi

Continual learning (CL) is an approach to address catastrophic forgetting, which refers to forgetting previously learned knowledge by neural networks when trained on new tasks or data distributions. The adversarial robustness has decomposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Hikmat Khan , Nidhal C. Bouaynaya , Ghulam Rasool

Despite recent efforts, neural networks still struggle to learn in non-stationary environments, and our understanding of catastrophic forgetting (CF) is far from complete. In this work, we perform a systematic study on the impact of model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Jacopo Graldi , Alessandro Breccia , Giulia Lanzillotta , Thomas Hofmann , Lorenzo Noci

A persistent paradox in continual learning (CL) is that neural networks often retain linearly separable representations of past tasks even when their output predictions fail. We formalize this distinction as the gap between deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Giulia Lanzillotta , Damiano Meier , Thomas Hofmann

In Continual Learning, a Neural Network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution shifts over time. Under these assumptions, it is especially challenging to improve on classes appearing later in the stream while remaining accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Pietro Buzzega , Matteo Boschini , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

This book chapter delves into the dynamics of continual learning, which is the process of incrementally learning from a non-stationary stream of data. Although continual learning is a natural skill for the human brain, it is very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Gido M. van de Ven , Nicholas Soures , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

Contrastive representation learning has emerged as a promising technique for continual learning as it can learn representations that are robust to catastrophic forgetting and generalize well to unseen future tasks. Previous work in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Rouzbeh Meshkinnejad , Jie Mei , Daniel Lizotte , Yalda Mohsenzadeh

Continual learning -- the ability to acquire knowledge incrementally without forgetting previous skills -- is fundamental to natural intelligence. While the human brain excels at this, artificial neural networks struggle with "catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Aoi Otani

Continual learning aims to sequentially learn new tasks without forgetting previous tasks' knowledge (catastrophic forgetting). One factor that can cause forgetting is the interference between the gradients on losses from different tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xueying Bai , Jinghuan Shang , Yifan Sun , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Despite huge success, deep networks are unable to learn effectively in sequential multitask learning settings as they forget the past learned tasks after learning new tasks. Inspired from complementary learning systems theory, we address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Mohammad Rostami , Soheil Kolouri , Praveen K. Pilly