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Sentiment analysis is the most basic NLP task to determine the polarity of text data. There has been a significant amount of work in the area of multilingual text as well. Still hate and offensive speech detection faces a challenge due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Amol Gore , Shubham Salunke , Raviraj Joshi

We study whether large-scale unlabelled web data and LLM-based synthetic annotations can improve multilingual hate speech detection. Starting from texts crawled via OpenWebSearch.eu~(OWS) in four languages (English, German, Spanish,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dang H. Dang , Jelena Mitrovi , Michael Granitzer

Hate speech detection models are typically evaluated on held-out test sets. However, this risks painting an incomplete and potentially misleading picture of model performance because of increasingly well-documented systematic gaps and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Paul Röttger , Haitham Seelawi , Debora Nozza , Zeerak Talat , Bertie Vidgen

Offensive language such as hate, abuse, and profanity (HAP) occurs in various content on the web. While previous work has mostly dealt with sentence level annotations, there have been a few recent attempts to identify offensive spans as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Christoph Tillmann , Aashka Trivedi , Sara Rosenthal , Santosh Borse , Rong Zhang , Avirup Sil , Bishwaranjan Bhattacharjee

Online social media platforms are central to everyday communication and information seeking. While these platforms serve positive purposes, they also provide fertile ground for the spread of hate speech, offensive language, and bullying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Md Arid Hasan , Firoj Alam , Md Fahad Hossain , Usman Naseem , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed

Today, hate speech classification from Arabic tweets has drawn the attention of several researchers. Many systems and techniques have been developed to resolve this classification task. Nevertheless, two of the major challenges faced in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Kheir Eddine Daouadi , Yaakoub Boualleg , Kheir Eddine Haouaouchi

In the evolving landscape of online communication, hate speech detection remains a formidable challenge, further compounded by the diversity of digital platforms. This study investigates the effectiveness and adaptability of pre-trained and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ahmad Nasir , Aadish Sharma , Kokil Jaidka , Saifuddin Ahmed

In this report, we present a study of eight corpora of online hate speech, by demonstrating the NLP techniques that we used to collect and analyze the jihadist, extremist, racist, and sexist content. Analysis of the multilingual corpora…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Tom De Smedt , Sylvia Jaki , Eduan Kotzé , Leïla Saoud , Maja Gwóźdź , Guy De Pauw , Walter Daelemans

Identifying hate speech content in the Arabic language is challenging due to the rich quality of dialectal variations. This study introduces a multilabel hate speech dataset in the Arabic language. We have collected 10000 Arabic tweets and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Wajdi Zaghouani , Md. Rafiul Biswas

Social media platforms serve as accessible outlets for individuals to express their thoughts and experiences, resulting in an influx of user-generated data spanning all age groups. While these platforms enable free expression, they also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Nikhil Narayan , Mrutyunjay Biswal , Pramod Goyal , Abhranta Panigrahi

This paper introduces a novel multimodal framework for hate speech detection in deepfake audio, excelling even in zero-shot scenarios. Unlike previous approaches, our method uses contrastive learning to jointly align audio and text…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Rishabh Ranjan , Likhith Ayinala , Mayank Vatsa , Richa Singh

In this paper, we tackle the Arabic Fine-Grained Hate Speech Detection shared task and demonstrate significant improvements over reported baselines for its three subtasks. The tasks are to predict if a tweet contains (1) Offensive language;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Badr AlKhamissi , Mona Diab

Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 John D Gallacher

This research introduces a novel approach to textual and multimodal Hate Speech Detection (HSD), using Large Language Models (LLMs) as dynamic knowledge bases to generate background context and incorporate it into the input of HSD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Joshua Wolfe Brook , Ilia Markov

Hate speech detection is a crucial task, especially on social media, where harmful content can spread quickly. Implementing machine learning models to automatically identify and address hate speech is essential for mitigating its impact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Somaiyeh Dehghan , Mehmet Umut Sen , Berrin Yanikoglu

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has advanced the benchmark in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, large amounts of labelled training data are required to train LLMs. Furthermore, data annotation and training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sargam Yadav , Abhishek Kaushik , Kevin McDaid

With the growth of social media, the spread of hate speech is also increasing rapidly. Social media are widely used in many countries. Also Hate Speech is spreading in these countries. This brings a need for multilingual Hate Speech…

Hate speech relies heavily on cultural influences, leading to varying individual interpretations. For that reason, we propose a Semantic Componential Analysis (SCA) framework for a cross-cultural and cross-domain analysis of hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Katerina Korre , Arianna Muti , Federico Ruggeri , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

The rise of online platforms exacerbated the spread of hate speech, demanding scalable and effective detection. However, the accuracy of hate speech detection systems heavily relies on human-labeled data, which is inherently susceptible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tommaso Giorgi , Lorenzo Cima , Tiziano Fagni , Marco Avvenuti , Stefano Cresci

Hate Speech has become a major content moderation issue for online social media platforms. Given the volume and velocity of online content production, it is impossible to manually moderate hate speech related content on any platform. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Sudhanshu Mishra , Shivangi Prasad , Shubhanshu Mishra