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With the development of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, both their vast applications and potential vulnerabilities have come to the forefront. While developers have integrated multiple safety mechanisms to mitigate their misuse,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Xiao Liu , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Fuying Ye , Lu Wei , Wangyue Li , Noa Garcia

With the rapid evolution of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have emerged as powerful tools capable of transforming various sectors. Their vast knowledge base and dynamic interaction capabilities…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Kevin Wang , Jason Ramos , Ramon Lawrence

Large language model-powered chatbots have transformed how people seek information, especially in high-stakes contexts like mental health. Despite their support capabilities, safe detection and response to crises such as suicidal ideation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Arnaiz-Rodriguez , Miguel Baidal , Erik Derner , Jenn Layton Annable , Mark Ball , Mark Ince , Elvira Perez Vallejos , Nuria Oliver

Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an evaluation framework to ensure the safety and reliability of mental health chatbots, which are increasingly popular due to their accessibility, human-like interactions, and context-aware…

This paper discusses OpenAIs ChatGPT, a generative pre-trained transformer, which uses natural language processing to fulfill text-based user requests (i.e., a chatbot). The history and principles behind ChatGPT and similar models are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Brady Lund , Ting Wang , Nishith Reddy Mannuru , Bing Nie , Somipam Shimray , Ziang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities in generating realistic text across diverse subjects. Concerns have been raised that they could be utilized to produce fake content with a deceptive intention, although evidence…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Kai-Cheng Yang , Filippo Menczer

Solving complicated AI tasks with different domains and modalities is a key step toward artificial general intelligence. While there are numerous AI models available for various domains and modalities, they cannot handle complicated AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yongliang Shen , Kaitao Song , Xu Tan , Dongsheng Li , Weiming Lu , Yueting Zhuang

Therapeutic art activities, such as expressive drawing and painting, require the synergy between creative visual production and interactive dialogue. Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have expanded the capacity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Le Lin , Zihao Zhu , Rainbow Tin Hung Ho , Jing Liao , Yuhan Luo

The fundamental principles, potential applications, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT are analyzed and discussed in this study. Since ChatGPT emerged, it has gained a rapidly growing popularity, with more than 600 million users today. The…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos , Mpesi Tzani , Sokratis I. Aznaouridis

Millions of patients are already using large language model (LLM) chatbots for medical advice on a regular basis, raising patient safety concerns. This physician-led red-teaming study compares the safety of four publicly available…

Given the success of ChatGPT, LaMDA and other large language models (LLMs), there has been an increase in development and usage of LLMs within the technology sector and other sectors. While the level in which LLMs has not reached a level…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Soaad Hossain , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed

The strive to make AI applications "safe" has led to the development of safety-measures as the main or even sole normative requirement of their permissible use. Similar can be attested to the latest version of chatbots, such as chatGPT. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Hendrik Kempt , Alon Lavie , Saskia K. Nagel

Generative AI tools, particularly those utilizing large language models (LLMs), are increasingly used in everyday contexts. While these tools enhance productivity and accessibility, little is known about how Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH)…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Shuxu Huffman , Si Chen , Kelly Avery Mack , Haotian Su , Qi Wang , Raja Kushalnagar

LGBTQ+ individuals are increasingly turning to chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs) to meet their mental health needs. However, little research has explored whether these chatbots can adequately and safely provide tailored…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Zilin Ma , Yiyang Mei , Yinru Long , Zhaoyuan Su , Krzysztof Z. Gajos

This study explores how discussing metaphors for AI can help build awareness of the frames that shape our understanding of AI systems, particularly large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. Given the pressing need to teach "critical AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Anuj Gupta , Yasser Atef , Anna Mills , Maha Bali

This study investigates the development and assessment of an artificial human designed as a conversational AI chatbot, focusing on its role as a clinical psychologist. The project involved creating a specialized chatbot using the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Birger Moell

Recent advancements in machine learning and natural language processing have led to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) as a valuable tool in the healthcare industry. Using large language models (LLMs) as conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Nicholas Yan , Gil Alterovitz

Conversational agents have made significant progress since ELIZA, expanding their role across various domains, including healthcare, education, and customer service. As these agents become increasingly integrated into daily human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Paulo Ricardo Knob , Leonardo Scholler , Juliano Rigatti , Soraia Raupp Musse

While large language models (LLMs) excel at open-ended dialogue, effective psychotherapy requires structured progression and adherence to clinical protocols, making the design of psychotherapist chatbots challenging. We investigate how…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sina Elahimanesh , Mohammadali Mohammadkhani , Sara Zahedi Movahed , Mohammad Mahdi Abootorabi , Shayan Salehi , Abbas Edalat

Artificial Intelligence (AI) for supporting healthcare services has never been more necessitated than by the recent global pandemic. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in AI-enabled Chatbots in healthcare proposed during the last 10 years…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Basabdatta Sen Bhattacharya , Vibhav Sinai Pissurlenkar
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