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The NPM ecosystem has become a primary target for software supply chain attacks, yet existing detection tools are evaluated in isolation on incompatible datasets, making cross-tool comparison unreliable. We conduct a benchmark-driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenbo Guo , Zhongwen Chen , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Shiwen Song , Chengyue Liu , Yijia Xu , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu

Modern software development frequently uses third-party packages, raising the concern of supply chain security attacks. Many attackers target popular package managers, like npm, and their users with supply chain attacks. In 2021 there was a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Nusrat Zahan , Thomas Zimmermann , Patrice Godefroid , Brendan Murphy , Chandra Maddila , Laurie Williams

The package manager (PM) is crucial to most technology stacks, acting as a broker to ensure that a verified dependency package is correctly installed, configured, or removed from an application. Diversity in technology stacks has led to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Syful Islam , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Christoph Treude , Bodin Chinthanet , Takashi Ishio , Kenichi Matsumoto

The increasing interest in open source software has led to the emergence of large language-specific package distributions of reusable software libraries, such as npm and RubyGems. These software packages can be subject to vulnerabilities…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Alexandre Decan , Coen De Roover

Large language models (LLMs) have developed rapidly in recent years, revolutionizing various fields. Despite their widespread success, LLMs heavily rely on external code dependencies from package management systems, creating a complex and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , David Lo , Xiaohu Yang

Nearly every popular programming language comes with one or more package managers. The software packages distributed by such package managers form large software ecosystems. These packaging ecosystems contain a large number of package…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens , Philippe Grosjean

Modern software systems rely on dependency networks of reusable libraries, where breaking changes propagate and cause downstream consumers to fail. Despite growing research across ecosystems, no comprehensive synthesis exists. We conduct a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Juntao Chen , Tingting Bi , Yanlin Wang , Patanamon Thongtanunam

In many programming languages there exist countless nuances, making developers accidentally release new versions of their packages that are not backwards-compatible. Such releases can directly impact projects which are using their packages,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Tomasz Nowak , Michał Staniewski , Mieszko Grodzicki , Bartosz Smolarczyk

The widespread of libraries within modern software ecosystems creates complex networks of dependencies. These dependencies are fragile to breakage, outdated, or redundancy, potentially leading to cascading issues in dependent libraries. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Pongchai Jaisri , Brittany Reid , Raula Gaikovina Kula

Third-party libraries with rich functionalities facilitate the fast development of Node.js software, but also bring new security threats that vulnerabilities could be introduced through dependencies. In particular, the threats could be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Chengwei Liu , Sen Chen , Lingling Fan , Bihuan Chen , Yang Liu , Xin Peng

One of the biggest strength of many modern programming languages is their rich open source package ecosystem. Indeed, modern language-specific package managers have made it much easier to share reusable code and depend on components written…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Théo Zimmermann

Existing innovation metrics inadequately capture software innovation, creating blind spots for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand and foster technological innovation in an increasingly software-defined economy. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Eva Maxfield Brown , Cailean Osborne , Peter Cihon , Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert , Kevin Xu , Mirko Boehm , Knut Blind

Dependency management in modern software development poses many challenges for developers who wish to stay up to date with the latest features and fixes whilst ensuring backwards compatibility. Project maintainers have opted for varied, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Abbas Javan Jafari , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab , Nikolaos Tsantalis

Software ecosystems have had a tremendous impact on computing and society, capturing the attention of businesses, researchers, and policy makers alike. Massive ecosystems like the JavaScript node package manager (npm) is evidence of how…

Library dependencies in software ecosystems play a crucial role in the development of software. As newer releases of these libraries are published, developers may opt to pin their dependencies to a particular version. While pinning may have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Vasudev Vikram , Yuvraj Agarwal , Rohan Padhye

Software ecosystems can be viewed as socio-technical networks consisting of technical components (software packages) and social components (communities of developers) that maintain the technical components. Ecosystems evolve over time…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Eleni Constantinou , Tom Mens

The static properties of code repositories, e.g., lines of code, dependents, dependencies, etc. can be readily scraped from code hosting platforms such as GitHub, and from package management systems such as npm for JavaScript; Although no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Ellen Arteca , Alexi Turcotte

Software systems often leverage on open source software libraries to reuse functionalities. Such libraries are readily available through software package managers like npm for JavaScript. Due to the huge amount of packages available in such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Gregorio Robles , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona

The use of third-party packages is becoming increasingly popular and has led to the emergence of large software package ecosystems with a maze of inter-dependencies. Since the reliance on these ecosystems enables developers to reduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Katsuro Inoue , Christoph Treude

Language-based ecosystems (LBE), i.e., software ecosystems based on a single programming language, are very common. Examples include the npm ecosystem for JavaScript, and PyPI for Python. These environments encourage code reuse between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ruturaj K. Vaidya , Lorenzo De Carli , Drew Davidson , Vaibhav Rastogi