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We investigate how to exploit structural similarities of an individual's potential outcomes (POs) under different treatments to obtain better estimates of conditional average treatment effects in finite samples. Especially when it is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-26 Alicia Curth , Mihaela van der Schaar

Identification of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) has been increasingly popular and critical in various penalized strategy decisions using the A/B testing approach, especially in the scenario of a consecutive online collection of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-25 Zhiqing Fang , Shuyan Chen , Xin Liu

Experimentation is widely utilized for causal inference and data-driven decision-making across disciplines. In an A/B experiment, for example, an online business randomizes two different treatments (e.g., website designs) to their customers…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 Wenxuan Guo , JungHo Lee , Panos Toulis

Estimating treatment effects conditional on observed covariates can improve the ability to tailor treatments to particular individuals. Doing so effectively requires dealing with potential confounding, and also enough data to adequately…

The increasing scientific attention given to precision medicine based on real-world data has led many recent studies to clarify the relationships between treatment effects and patient characteristics. However, this is challenging because of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-20 Ke Wan , Kensuke Tanioka , Toshio Shimokawa

Heterogeneous Treatment Effect (HTE) and Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) models relax the assumption that treatment effects are the same for every user. We present a large scale industrial framework for estimating HTE using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jing Pan , Li Shi , Paul Lo

Recent years have witnessed success of sequential modeling, generative recommender, and large language model for recommendation. Though the scaling law has been validated for sequential models, it showed inefficiency in computational…

Two-sided marketplace platforms often run experiments to test the effect of an intervention before launching it platform-wide. A typical approach is to randomize individuals into the treatment group, which receives the intervention, and the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-27 Hannah Li , Geng Zhao , Ramesh Johari , Gabriel Y. Weintraub

Important computational physics problems are often large-scale in nature, and it is highly desirable to have robust and high performing computational frameworks that can quickly address these problems. However, it is no trivial task to…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-09-18 J. Chang , K. B. Nakshatrala , M. G. Knepley , L. Johnsson

To effect behavior change a successful algorithm must make high-quality decisions in real-time. For example, a mobile health (mHealth) application designed to increase physical activity must make contextually relevant suggestions to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-31 Marianne Menictas , Sabina Tomkins , Susan A Murphy

A platform trial with a master protocol provides an infrastructure to ethically and efficiently evaluate multiple treatment options in multiple diseases. Given that certain study drugs can enter or exit a platform trial, the randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Tianyu Zhan , Jane Zhang , Lei Shu , Yihua Gu

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), or A/B testing, have become the gold standard for optimizing various operational policies on online platforms. However, RCTs on these platforms typically cover a limited number of discrete treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-06 Zhiqi Zhang , Zhiyu Zeng , Ruohan Zhan , Dennis Zhang

Randomized controlled experiments assess new policy impacts on performance metrics to inform launch decisions. Traditional approaches evaluate metrics independently despite correlations, and mixed results (e.g., positive revenue impact,…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-29 Hoiyi Ng , Guido Imbens

A platform trial is an innovative clinical trial design that uses a master protocol to evaluate multiple treatments, where patients are often assigned to different subsets of treatment arms based on individual characteristics, enrollment…

Deep learning models have demonstrated promising results in estimating treatment effects (TEE). However, most of them overlook the variations in treatment outcomes among subgroups with distinct characteristics. This limitation hinders their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Seungyeon Lee , Ruoqi Liu , Wenyu Song , Ping Zhang

Non-significant randomized control trials can hide subgroups of good responders to experimental drugs, thus hindering subsequent development. Identifying such heterogeneous treatment effects is key for precision medicine and many post-hoc…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-24 Valentine Perrin , Nathan Noiry , Nicolas Loiseau , Alex Nowak

We offer an experimental benchmark and empirical study for off-policy policy evaluation (OPE) in reinforcement learning, which is a key problem in many safety critical applications. Given the increasing interest in deploying learning-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Cameron Voloshin , Hoang M. Le , Nan Jiang , Yisong Yue

Tech companies (e.g., Google or Facebook) often use randomized online experiments and/or A/B testing primarily based on the average treatment effects to compare their new product with an old one. However, it is also critically important to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-09 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

Heterogeneous treatment effects can be very important in the analysis of randomized clinical trials. Heightened risks or enhanced benefits may exist for particular subsets of study subjects. When the heterogeneous treatment effects are…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-25 Richard A. Berk , Matthew Olson , Andreas Buja , Aurelie Ouss

The quantification of treatment effects plays an important role in a wide range of applications, including policy making and bio-pharmaceutical research. In this article, we study the quantile treatment effect (QTE) while addressing two…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Jiachen Sun , Yin Xia