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We present Semi-Structured Explanations for COPA (COPA-SSE), a new crowdsourced dataset of 9,747 semi-structured, English common sense explanations for Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA) questions. The explanations are formatted as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Ana Brassard , Benjamin Heinzerling , Pride Kavumba , Kentaro Inui

This study proposes an end-to-end algorithm for policy learning in causal inference. We observe data consisting of covariates, treatment assignments, and outcomes, where only the outcome corresponding to the assigned treatment is observed.…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-30 Masahiro Kato

Causality has the potential to truly transform the way we solve a large number of real-world problems. Yet, so far, its potential largely remains to be unlocked as causality often requires crucial assumptions which cannot be tested in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Jeroen Berrevoets , Krzysztof Kacprzyk , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Federated causal discovery aims to uncover the causal relationships between entities while protecting data privacy, which has significant importance and numerous applications in real-world scenarios. Existing federated causal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Wei Chen , Wanyang Gu , Linjun Peng , Ruichu Cai , Zhifeng Hao , Kun Zhang

Causal inference is a central goal across many scientific disciplines. Over the past several decades, three major frameworks have emerged to formalize causal questions and guide their analysis: the potential outcomes framework, structural…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Linbo Wang , Thomas Richardson , James Robins

We develop a new model and algorithms for machine learning-based learning analytics, which estimate a learner's knowledge of the concepts underlying a domain, and content analytics, which estimate the relationships among a collection of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-20 Andrew S. Lan , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

Learning the dynamic causal structure of time series is a challenging problem. Most existing approaches rely on distributional or structural invariance to uncover underlying causal dynamics, assuming stationary or partially stationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Dezhi Yang , Qiaoyu Tan , Carlotta Domeniconi , Jun Wang , Lizhen Cui , Guoxian Yu

In many applications of causal inference, the treatment received by one unit may influence the outcome of another, a phenomenon referred to as interference. Although there are several frameworks for conducting causal inference in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Matvey Ortyashov , AmirEmad Ghassami

Recent years have seen many advances in methods for causal structure learning from data. The empirical assessment of such methods, however, is much less developed. Motivated by this gap, we pose the following question: how can one assess,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-30 Marco F. Eigenmann , Sach Mukherjee , Marloes H. Maathuis

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP), aiming to predict a judgment based on fact descriptions according to rule of law, serves as legal assistance to mitigate the great work burden of limited legal practitioners. Most existing methods apply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Haotian Chen , Lingwei Zhang , Yiran Liu , Fanchao Chen , Yang Yu

Factor analysis (FA) is a statistical tool for studying how observed variables with some mutual dependences can be expressed as functions of mutually independent unobserved factors, and it is widely applied throughout the psychological,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-01 Alex Markham , Mingyu Liu , Bryon Aragam , Liam Solus

We present a causal inference framework to improve Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS). Specifically, we aim to generate better pixel-level pseudo-masks by using only image-level labels -- the most crucial step in WSSS. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Dong Zhang , Hanwang Zhang , Jinhui Tang , Xiansheng Hua , Qianru Sun

Over the past few years, we have witnessed remarkable advancements in Code Pre-trained Models (CodePTMs). These models achieved excellent representation capabilities by designing structure-based pre-training tasks for code. However, how to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Jiayi Wu , Renyu Zhu , Nuo Chen , Qiushi Sun , Xiang Li , Ming Gao

Functional data is a powerful tool for capturing and analyzing complex patterns and relationships in a variety of fields, allowing for more precise modeling, visualization, and decision-making. For example, in healthcare, functional data…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-26 Xiyuan Gao , Jiayi Wang , Guanyu Hu , Jianguo Sun

We introduce a simple diagnostic test for assessing the overall or partial goodness of fit of a linear causal model with errors being independent of the covariates. In particular, we consider situations where hidden confounding is…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-06 Christoph Schultheiss , Peter Bühlmann , Ming Yuan

Causal representation learning has been proposed to encode relationships between factors presented in the high dimensional data. However, existing methods suffer from merely using a large amount of labeled data and ignore the fact that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Jiageng Zhu , Hanchen Xie , Wael AbdAlmageed

What structural inductive bias helps transformers reason over knowledge graphs? Through controlled ablations of a minimal transformer modification with four independently removable components (sparse adjacency masking, edge-type biases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jonas Petersen , Camilla Mazzoleni , Gian-Alessandro Lombardi , Federico Martelli , Riccardo Maggioni

In this paper, we introduce Partial Information Decomposition of Features (PIDF), a new paradigm for simultaneous data interpretability and feature selection. Contrary to traditional methods that assign a single importance value, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Charles Westphal , Stephen Hailes , Mirco Musolesi

Causal reasoning and compositional reasoning are two core aspirations in AI. Measuring the extent of these behaviors requires principled evaluation methods. We explore a unified perspective that considers both behaviors simultaneously,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Jacqueline R. M. A. Maasch , Alihan Hüyük , Xinnuo Xu , Aditya V. Nori , Javier Gonzalez

Fairness-aware learning studies the development of algorithms that avoid discriminatory decision outcomes despite biased training data. While most studies have concentrated on immediate bias in static contexts, this paper highlights the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jacob Lear , Lu Zhang