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Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

The core vertex set of a graph is an invariant of the graph. It consists of those vertices associated with the non-zero entries of the nullspace vectors of a $\{0,1\}$-adjacency matrix. The remaining vertices of the graph form the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-12 Irene Sciriha , Xandru Mifsud , James Borg

The zero forcing number of a simple graph, written $Z(G)$, is a NP-hard graph invariant which is the result of the zero forcing color change rule. This graph invariant has been heavily studied by linear algebraists, physicists, and graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-12 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

We introduce a new variant of zero forcing - signed zero forcing. The classical zero forcing number provides an upper bound on the maximum nullity of a matrix with a given graph (i.e. zero-nonzero pattern). Our new variant provides an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-09 Felix Goldberg , Abraham Berman

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process where at each discrete time step, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to become colored. The zero forcing number of a graph is the cardinality of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-02-06 Boris Brimkov , Caleb C. Fast , Illya V. Hicks

The zero forcing number is a graph invariant introduced to study the minimum rank of the graph. In 2008, Aazami proved the NP-hardness of computing the zero forcing number of a simple undirected graph. We complete this NP-hardness result by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Maguy Trefois , Jean-Charles Delvenne

Zero forcing is a graph propagation process for which vertices fill-in (or propagate information to) neighbor vertices if all neighbors except for one, are filled. The zero-forcing number is the smallest number of vertices that must be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-24 Heather LeClair , Tim Spilde , Sarah Anderson , Brenda Kroschel

The zero forcing number is the minimum number of black vertices that can turn a white graph black following a single neighbour colour forcing rule. The zero forcing number provides topological information about linear algebra on graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-10 Alexei Vazquez

The zero locus of a function f on a graph G is defined as the graph with vertex set consisting of all complete subgraphs of G, on which f changes sign and where x,y are connected if one is contained in the other. For d-graphs, finite simple…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-08-25 Oliver Knill

Zero forcing number has recently become an interesting graph parameter studied in its own right since its introduction by the "AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group", whereas metric dimension is a well-known graph parameter. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-11 Linda Eroh , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

The zero forcing number $Z(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a set $S$ with colored (black) vertices which forces the set $V(G)$ to be colored (black) after some times. "color change rule": a white vertex is changed to a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-23 M. Khosravi , S. Rashidi 2 , A. Sheikhhosseni

We study the minimum rank of a (simple, undirected) graph, which is the minimum rank among all matrices in a space determined by the graph. We determine the exact set of graphs on eight vertices for which the nullity of a minimum rank…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-13 Wayne Barrett , Mark Hunnell , John Hutchens , John Sinkovic

This paper introduces a novel framework for graph sparsification that preserves the essential learning attributes of original graphs, improving computational efficiency and reducing complexity in learning algorithms. We refer to these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Obaid Ullah Ahmad , Anwar Said , Mudassir Shabbir , Xenofon Koutsoukos , Waseem Abbas

Motivated in part by an observation that the zero forcing number for the complement of a tree on $n$ vertices is either $n-3$ or $n-1$ in one exceptional case, we consider the zero forcing number for the complement of more general graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Emelie Curl , Shaun Fallat , Ryan Moruzzi , Carolyn Reinhart , Derek Young

Zero forcing parameters, associated with graphs, have been studied for over a decade, and have gained popularity as the number of related applications grows. In particular, it is well-known that such parameters are related to certain vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-01 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Abolghasem Soltani , Boting Yang

Zero forcing is a process on a graph that colors vertices blue by starting with some of the vertices blue and applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the size of the initial blue vertex set and the number of the time…

Let $G$ be a graph that admits a perfect matching. A {\sf forcing set} for a perfect matching $M$ of $G$ is a subset $S$ of $M$, such that $S$ is contained in no other perfect matching of $G$. This notion originally arose in chemistry in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-03-17 Peyman Afshani , Hamed Hatami , Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian

We study zero forcing and $\ell$-leaky zero forcing on induced subgraphs of $d$-dimensional grid graphs. Using $\ell$-leaky forts, we prove structural results showing that for $\ell \le 2d-1$, every nonempty $\ell$-leaky fort in an induced…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Ryan Moruzzi , Sagar Shah , Aaditeya Tripathi

In zero forcing, the focus is typically on finding the minimum cardinality of any zero forcing set in the graph; however, the number of cardinalities between $0$ and the number of vertices in the graph for which there are both zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-13 Bonnie Jacob

Zero forcing is a propagation process on a graph, or digraph, defined in linear algebra to provide a bound for the minimum rank problem. Independently, zero forcing was introduced in physics, computer science and network science, areas…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-28 Daniela Ferrero , Thomas Kalinowski , Sudeep Stephen