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A key notion bridging the gap between {\it quantum operator algebras} \cite{LZ10} and {\it vertex operator algebras} \cite{Bor}\cite{FLM} is the definition of the commutativity of a pair of quantum operators (see section 2 below). This is…

q-alg · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Bong H. Lian , Gregg J. Zuckerman

A new model of quantum computing has recently been proposed which, in analogy with a classical lambda-calculus, exploits quantum processes which operate on other quantum processes. One such quantum meta-operator takes N unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-17 Timothy Rambo , Joseph Altepeter , Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano , Prem Kumar

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about ZX-diagrams, a type of tensor networks that can represent arbitrary linear maps between qubits. Using the ZX-calculus, we can intuitively reason about quantum theory, and optimise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

Particle-style token machines are a way to interpret proofs and programs, when the latter are written following the principles of linear logic. In this paper, we show that token machines also make sense when the programs at hand are those…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-02-18 Ugo Dal Lago , Margherita Zorzi

The ZX-calculus is a graphical calculus for reasoning about quantum systems and processes. It is known to be universal for pure state qubit quantum mechanics, meaning any pure state, unitary operation and post-selected pure projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-22 Miriam Backens

This paper presents a novel semantics for a quantum programming language by operator algebras, which are known to give a formulation for quantum theory that is alternative to the one by Hilbert spaces. We show that the opposite category of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-12-31 Kenta Cho

This document introduces a generalization of calculus that treats both continuous and discrete variables on an equal footing. This generalization of calculus was developed independently of the "Calculus on Time Scales" literature but may be…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2013-02-26 Jay Kaminsky

One perspective on quantum algorithms is that they are classical algorithms having access to a special kind of memory with exotic properties. This perspective suggests that, even in the case of quantum algorithms, the control flow notions…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-04 Amr Sabry , Benoît Valiron , Juliana Kaizer Vizzotto

We study an untyped lambda calculus with quantum data and classical control. This work stems from previous proposals by Selinger and Valiron and by Van Tonder. We focus on syntax and expressiveness, rather than (denotational) semantics. We…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ugo Dal Lago , Andrea Masini , Margherita Zorzi

ZW-calculus is a useful graphical language for pure qubit quantum computing. It is via the translation of the completeness of ZW-calculus that the first proof of completeness of ZX-calculus was obtained. A d-level generalisation of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Quanlong Wang

It is argued that transformation processes (generation rules) showing evidence of a long evolutionary history in universal computing systems can be generalized. The explicit function class $ \Omega $ is defined as follows: "Operators whose…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Kazuki Otsuka

Quantum computing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations far beyond the capabilities of classical systems, particularly in fields such as cryptography and optimization. However, current quantum programming…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Simone Faro , Francesco Pio Marino , Gabriele Messina

The field of quantum algorithms is vibrant. Still, there is currently a lack of programming languages for describing quantum computation on a practical scale, i.e., not just at the level of toy problems. We address this issue by introducing…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-07-08 Alexander S. Green , Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine , Neil J. Ross , Peter Selinger , Benoît Valiron

Quantum assembly languages are machine-independent languages that traditionally describe quantum computation in the circuit model. Open quantum assembly language (OpenQASM 2) was proposed as an imperative programming language for quantum…

This paper introduces a formal metalanguage called the lambda-q calculus for the specification of quantum programming languages. This metalanguage is an extension of the lambda calculus, which provides a formal setting for the specification…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Philip Maymin

Qubits are a great way to build a quantum computer, but a limited way to program one. We replace the usual "states and gates" formalism with a "props and ops" (propositions and operators) model in which (a) the C*-algebra of observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 David Wakeham

Recent developments in the ZX-Calculus have resulted in complete axiomatisations first for an approximately universal restriction of the language, and then for the whole language. The main drawbacks were that the axioms that were added to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Renaud Vilmart

Q# is a standalone domain-specific programming language from Microsoft for writing and running quantum programs. Like most industrial languages, it was designed without a formal specification, which can naturally lead to ambiguity in its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Kartik Singhal , Kesha Hietala , Sarah Marshall , Robert Rand

We present a new quantum programming language called "Quala" that enables true full-stack programming of quantum hardware. Quala allows seamless integration of abstraction layers such as the digital circuit layer and the analog control…

Particle-style token machines are a way to interpret proofs and programs, when the latter are defined according to the principles of linear logic. In this paper, we show that token machines also make sense when the programs at hand are…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Ugo Dal Lago , Margherita Zorzi