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Hopfield networks are artificial neural networks which store memory patterns on the states of their neurons by choosing recurrent connection weights and update rules such that the energy landscape of the network forms attractors around the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Thomas F Burns , Tomoki Fukai

We investigate the computational limits of the memory retrieval dynamics of modern Hopfield models from the fine-grained complexity analysis. Our key contribution is the characterization of a phase transition behavior in the efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Thomas Lin , Zhao Song , Han Liu

For the Hopfield model with the Hebb connection matrix we investigate the case of $p$ memorized patterns that are distorted copies of the same {\it standard}. In other words, we try to simulate that learning always takes place by means of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 L. B. Litinskii

We study a simple extended model of oscillator neural networks capable of storing sparsely coded phase patterns, in which information is encoded both in the mean firing rate and in the timing of spikes. Applying the methods of statistical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Masaki Nomura , Toshio Aoyagi

Attractor networks are an influential theory for memory storage in brain systems. This theory has recently been challenged by the observation of strong temporal variability in neuronal recordings during memory tasks. In this work, we study…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-02 Ulises Pereira-Obilinovic , Johnatan Aljadeff , Nicolas Brunel

We investigate the retrieval phase diagrams of an asynchronous fully-connected attractor network with non-monotonic transfer function by means of a mean-field approximation. We find for the noiseless zero-temperature case that this…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-28 Jun-ichi Inoue

Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

Current deep neural networks are highly overparameterized (up to billions of connection weights) and nonlinear. Yet they can fit data almost perfectly through variants of gradient descent algorithms and achieve unexpected levels of…

We present a Hopfield-like autoassociative network for memories representing examples of concepts. Each memory is encoded by two activity patterns with complementary properties. The first is dense and correlated across examples within…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-28 Louis Kang , Taro Toyoizumi

We extend the existing work on Hopfield network state classification, employing more complex models that remain interpretable, such as densely-connected feed-forward deep neural networks and support vector machines. The states of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Hayden McAlister , Anthony Robins , Lech Szymanski

We introduce a modern Hopfield network with continuous states and a corresponding update rule. The new Hopfield network can store exponentially (with the dimension of the associative space) many patterns, retrieves the pattern with one…

The Hopfield associative memory model stores random patterns in synaptic couplings according to Hebb's rule and retrieves them through gradient descent on an energy function. This conventional setting, where neurons are assumed to have…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-23 Yoshiyuki Kabashima , Kazushi Mimura

Understanding the structure of real data is paramount in advancing modern deep-learning methodologies. Natural data such as images are believed to be composed of features organized in a hierarchical and combinatorial manner, which neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-25 Antonio Sclocchi , Alessandro Favero , Matthieu Wyart

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have progressed in tandem, each contributing to our understanding of the brain, and inspiring recent developments in biologically-plausible neural networks (NNs) and learning rules. Predictive…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Ehsan Ganjidoost , Mallory Snow , Jeff Orchard

The central question that we address is: How can structured information be stored in a hierarchical Hopfield model involving hidden layers? To this end, we develop a formalism of strokes and concepts that allows us to appropriately…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Markus Heydenreich , Christian Hirsch , Matthias Löwe

Using the Hopfield model as a benchmark case, the present work focuses on the investigation of partially annealed associative neural networks, wherein neural dynamics is coupled to slowly evolving patterns within the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-12 Linda Albanese , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Silvio Franz , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

Dense associative memory, a fundamental instance of modern Hopfield networks, can store a large number of memory patterns as equilibrium states of recurrent networks. While the stationary-state storage capacity has been investigated, its…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-29 Kazushi Mimura , Jun'ichi Takeuchi , Yuto Sumikawa , Yoshiyuki Kabashima , Anthony C. C. Coolen

We present an analytically solvable random graph model in which the connections between the nodes can evolve in time, adiabatically slowly compared to the dynamics of the nodes. We apply the formalism to finite connectivity attractor neural…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 B. Wemmenhove , N. S. Skantzos