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The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into everyday life makes it essential to explain AI-based decision-making in a way that is understandable to all users, including those with disabilities. Accessible explanations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye , Maria J. P. Peixoto , Akriti Pandey , Lauren Pardy , Mahadeo Sukhai , Peter R. Lewis

More recently, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) research has shifted to focus on a more pragmatic or naturalistic account of understanding, that is, whether the stakeholders understand the explanation. This point is especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Janet Hui-wen Hsiao , Hilary Hei Ting Ngai , Luyu Qiu , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the field of explainable AI (XAI), with a plethora of algorithms proposed in the literature. However, a lack of consensus on how to evaluate XAI hinders the advancement of the field. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Ronny Luss , Finale Doshi-Velez , Amit Dhurandhar

Artificial intelligence systems are widely used by people with sensory disabilities, like loss of vision or hearing, to help perceive or navigate the world around them. This includes tasks like describing an image or object they cannot…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Shadab H. Choudhury

AI is becoming increasingly common across different domains. However, as sophisticated AI-based systems are often black-boxed, rendering the decision-making logic opaque, users find it challenging to comply with their recommendations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Niklas Kühl , Christian Meske , Maximilian Nitsche , Jodie Lobana

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rising field in AI. It aims to produce a demonstrative factor of trust, which for human subjects is achieved through communicative means, which Machine Learning (ML) algorithms cannot solely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Jamie Andrew Duell

XAI refers to the techniques and methods for building AI applications which assist end users to interpret output and predictions of AI models. Black box AI applications in high-stakes decision-making situations, such as medical domain have…

Nowadays, deep neural networks are widely used in mission critical systems such as healthcare, self-driving vehicles, and military which have direct impact on human lives. However, the black-box nature of deep neural networks challenges its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Arun Das , Paul Rad

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into high-stakes domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems is often constrained by concerns over transparency, interpretability, and trust. While Human-Centered AI (HCAI)…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Chameera De Silva , Thilina Halloluwa , Dhaval Vyas

Companies' adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming an essential element of business success. However, using AI poses new requirements for companies and their employees, including transparency and comprehensibility…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Katharina Weitz , Chi Tai Dang , Elisabeth André

The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin

The growing attention to artificial intelligence-based applications has led to research interest in explainability issues. This emerging research attention on explainable AI (XAI) advocates the need to investigate end user-centric…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 AKM Bahalul Haque , A. K. M. Najmul Islam , Patrick Mikalef

An explainable AI (XAI) model aims to provide transparency (in the form of justification, explanation, etc) for its predictions or actions made by it. Recently, there has been a lot of focus on building XAI models, especially to provide…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Arjun Akula , Song-Chun Zhu

Explainable AI (XAI) systems are sociotechnical in nature; thus, they are subject to the sociotechnical gap--divide between the technical affordances and the social needs. However, charting this gap is challenging. In the context of XAI, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Upol Ehsan , Koustuv Saha , Munmun De Choudhury , Mark O. Riedl

Despite the proliferation of explainable AI (XAI) methods, little is understood about end-users' explainability needs and behaviors around XAI explanations. To address this gap and contribute to understanding how explainability can support…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Elizabeth Anne Watkins , Olga Russakovsky , Ruth Fong , Andrés Monroy-Hernández

As systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications, understanding these black box models has become paramount. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research…

Explainable AI (XAI) refers to techniques that provide human-understandable insights into the workings of AI models. Recently, the focus of XAI is being extended toward explaining Large Language Models (LLMs). This extension calls for a…

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine has made significant progress with emerging applications in medical imaging, patient care, and other areas. While these applications have proven successful in retrospective studies, very few of them were…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Nicoletta Prentzas , Antonis Kakas , Constantinos S. Pattichis

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) plays a crucial role in fostering transparency and trust in AI systems, where traditional XAI approaches typically offer one level of abstraction for explanations, often in the form of heatmaps…