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We show that combining randomized measurement protocols with importance sampling allows for characterizing entanglement in significantly larger quantum systems and in a more efficient way than in previous work. A drastic reduction of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-26 Aniket Rath , Rick van Bijnen , Andreas Elben , Peter Zoller , Benoît Vermersch

Measurements with randomly chosen settings determine many important properties of quantum states without the need for a shared reference frame or calibration. They naturally emerge in the context of quantum communication and quantum…

Randomized measurements constitute a simple measurement primitive that exploits the information encoded in the outcome statistics of samples of local quantum measurements defined through randomly selected bases. In this work we exploit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-08 Sophia Ohnemus , Heinz-Peter Breuer , Andreas Ketterer

Quantum entanglement is one of the core features of quantum theory. While it is typically revealed by measurements along carefully chosen directions, here we review different methods based on so-called random or randomized measurements.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-24 Lukas Knips

Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Jacob Bringewatt , Henry Froland , Andreas Elben , Niklas Mueller

Randomized measurements are increasingly appreciated as powerful tools to estimate properties of quantum systems, e.g., in the characterization of hybrid classical-quantum computation. On many platforms they constitute natively accessible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 E. Onorati , J. Kitzinger , J. Helsen , M. Ioannou , A. H. Werner , I. Roth , J. Eisert

The concept of randomized measurements on individual particles has proven to be useful for analyzing quantum systems and is central for methods like shadow tomography of quantum states. We introduce $\textit{collective}$ randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-12 Satoya Imai , Géza Tóth , Otfried Gühne

Increasingly sophisticated programmable quantum simulators and quantum computers are opening unprecedented opportunities for exploring and exploiting the properties of highly entangled complex quantum systems. The complexity of large…

The resources needed to conventionally characterize a quantum system are overwhelmingly large for high- dimensional systems. This obstacle may be overcome by abandoning traditional cornerstones of quantum measurement, such as general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-17 Gregory A. Howland , Samuel H. Knarr , James Schneeloch , Daniel J. Lum , John C. Howell

We develop a general theoretical framework for measurement protocols employing statistical correlations of randomized measurements. We focus on locally randomized measurements implemented with local random unitaries in quantum lattice…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-21 Andreas Elben , Benoît Vermersch , Christian F. Roos , Peter Zoller

Randomized measurements are useful for analyzing quantum systems especially when quantum control is not fully perfect. However, their practical realization typically requires multiple rotations in the complex space due to the adoption of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Jin-Min Liang , Satoya Imai , Shuheng Liu , Shao-Ming Fei , Otfried Gühne , Qiongyi He

Entanglement is the key feature of many-body quantum systems, and the development of new tools to probe it in the laboratory is an outstanding challenge. Measuring the entropy of different partitions of a quantum system provides a way to…

Learning quantum state properties is both a fundamental and practical problem in quantum information theory. Classical shadows have emerged as an efficient method for estimating properties of unknown quantum states, with rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Hugo Thomas , Ulysse Chabaud , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Characterizing quantum systems is a fundamental task that enables the development of quantum technologies. Various approaches, ranging from full tomography to instances of classical shadows, have been proposed to this end. However, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-16 Franz J. Schreiber , Jens Eisert , Johannes Jakob Meyer

Randomized benchmarking is routinely used as an efficient method for characterizing the performance of sets of elementary logic gates in small quantum devices. In the measurement-based model of quantum computation, logic gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-05 Rafael N. Alexander , Peter S. Turner , Stephen D. Bartlett

Entanglement is one of the most prominent features of quantum mechanics and serves as an essential resource in quantum information science. Therefore, the certification of entanglement is crucial for quantum information processing tasks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Jing-Tao Qiu , Wei-Jie Jiang , Xiao-Dong Yu

Detection of entanglement is an indispensable step to practical quantum computation and communication. Compared with the conventional entanglement witness method based on fidelity, we propose a flexible, machine learning assisted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-11 Jue Xu , Qi Zhao

We introduce a method that allows one to infer many properties of a quantum state -- including nonlinear functions such as R\'enyi entropies -- using only global control over the constituent degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-20 Max McGinley , Michele Fava

We establish a framework which allows one to construct novel schemes for measurement-based quantum computation. The technique further develops tools from many-body physics - based on finitely correlated or projected entangled pair states -…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 D. Gross , J. Eisert
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