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Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oxytocin, though widely recognized for facilitating labor, is also the primary pharmacological intervention for PPH prevention. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-02 Haiyan Zhu , Yuqi Qiu , Yingchun Zhou

Patients with chronic diseases often receive treatments at multiple time points, or stages. Our goal is to learn the optimal dynamic treatment regime (DTR) from longitudinal patient data. When both the number of stages and the number of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-26 Nilanjana Laha , Nilson Chapagain , Victoria Cicherski , Aaron Sonabend-W

Precision medicine is currently a topic of great interest in clinical and intervention science. One way to formalize precision medicine is through a treatment regime, which is a sequence of decision rules, one per stage of clinical…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-07 Yichi Zhang , Eric B. Laber , Anastasios Tsiatis , Marie Davidian

An optimal individualized treatment rule (ITR) is a function that takes a patient's characteristics, such as demographics, biomarkers, and treatment history, and outputs a treatment that is expected to give the best outcome for that…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-05 Augustine Wigle , Erica E. M. Moodie

The vision for precision medicine is to use individual patient characteristics to inform a personalized treatment plan that leads to the best healthcare possible for each patient. Mobile technologies have an important role to play in this…

Dynamic treatment regimes are of growing interest across the clinical sciences as these regimes provide one way to operationalize and thus inform sequential personalized clinical decision making. A dynamic treatment regime is a sequence of…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-11-27 Eric B. Laber , Min Qian , Dan J. Lizotte , William E. Pelham , Susan A. Murphy

Modern technological advances have expanded the scope of applications requiring analysis of large-scale datastreams that comprise multiple indefinitely long time series. There is an acute need for statistical methodologies that perform…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-03 Jingshen Wang , Lilun Du , Changliang Zou , Zhenke Wu

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are personalized, adaptive strategies designed to guide the sequential allocation of treatments based on individual characteristics over time. Before each treatment assignment, covariate information is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-24 Kai Chen , Yuqian Zhang

With the emergence of precision medicine, estimating optimal individualized decision rules (IDRs) has attracted tremendous attention in many scientific areas. Most existing literature has focused on finding optimal IDRs that can maximize…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-28 Zhengling Qi , Jong-Shi Pang , Yufeng Liu

Precision rehabilitation offers the promise of an evidence-based approach for optimizing individual rehabilitation to improve long-term functional outcomes. Emerging techniques, including those driven by artificial intelligence, are rapidly…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-07 R. James Cotton , Bryant A. Seamon , Richard L. Segal , Randal D. Davis , Amrita Sahu , Michelle M. McLeod , Pablo Celnik , Sharon L. Ramey

The optimal dynamic treatment rule (ODTR) framework offers an approach for understanding which kinds of patients respond best to specific treatments -- in other words, treatment effect heterogeneity. Recently, there has been a proliferation…

Many policies involve dynamics in their treatment assignments, where individuals receive sequential interventions over multiple stages. We study estimation of an optimal dynamic treatment regime that guides the optimal treatment assignment…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-04 Shosei Sakaguchi

Existing strategies for determining the optimal treatment or monitoring strategy typically assume unlimited access to resources. However, when a health system has resource constraints, such as limited funds, access to medication, or…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-18 Ellen C Caniglia , Eleanor J Murray , Miguel A Hernan , Zach Shahn

Individualized treatment rules (ITR) can improve health outcomes by recognizing that patients may respond differently to treatment and assigning therapy with the most desirable predicted outcome for each individual. Flexible and efficient…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-25 Brent R. Logan , Rodney Sparapani , Robert E. McCulloch , Purushottam W. Laud

The sequential treatment decisions made by physicians to treat chronic diseases are formalized in the statistical literature as dynamic treatment regimes. To date, methods for dynamic treatment regimes have been developed under the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-22 Janie Coulombe , Erica E. M. Moodie , Susan M. Shortreed , Christel Renoux

Dynamic treatment regimes formalize precision medicine as a sequence of decision rules, one for each stage of clinical intervention, that map current patient information to a recommended intervention. Optimal regimes are typically defined…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-09 Kyle Duke , Eric B. Laber , Marie Davidian , Michael Newcomb , Brian Mustanksi

This paper presents the first deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to estimate the optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes from observational medical data. This framework is more flexible and adaptive for high dimensional action and state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Ning Liu , Ying Liu , Brent Logan , Zhiyuan Xu , Jian Tang , Yanzhi Wang

Recent development in the data-driven decision science has seen great advances in individualized decision making. Given data with individual covariates, treatment assignments and outcomes, policy makers best individualized treatment rule…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-29 Weibin Mo , Zhengling Qi , Yufeng Liu

To promote precision medicine, individualized treatment regimes (ITRs) are crucial for optimizing the expected clinical outcome based on patient-specific characteristics. However, existing ITR research has primarily focused on scenarios…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-20 Chang Wang , Lu Wang

Studies often report estimates of the average treatment effect. While the ATE summarizes the effect of a treatment on average, it does not provide any information about the effect of treatment within any individual. A treatment strategy…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-13 Nicholas T. Williams , Katherine L. Hoffman Iván Díaz , Kara E. Rudolph