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In the study of quantum process algebras, researchers have introduced different notions of equivalence between quantum processes like bisimulation or barbed congruence. However, there are intuitively equivalent quantum processes that these…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-12-31 Kazuya Yasuda , Takahiro Kubota , Yoshihiko Kakutani

Operational frameworks are very useful to study the foundations of quantum mechanics, and are sometimes used to promote antirealist attitudes towards the theory. The aim of this paper is to review three arguments aiming at defending an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Laurie Letertre

A simple mapping procedure is presented by which classical orbits and path integrals for the motion of a point particle in flat space can be transformed directly into those in curved space with torsion. Our procedure evolved from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 H. Kleinert

Quantum measurement resolves a superposition into a definite outcome by correlating it with an observer's memory -- a reality register. While the global quantum state remains coherent, the observer's local reality becomes singular and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Xiongfeng Ma

We discuss the relevance of quantum reference frames in the description of mixed particle states. We show that the notion of rest frame for mixed particles, which is classically ill-defined, can be introduced in the context of quantum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-04-26 Antonio Capolupo , Aniello Quaranta

We propose a formal framework for understanding and unifying the concept of observers across physics, computer science, philosophy, and related fields. Building on cybernetic feedback models, we introduce an operational definition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Hatem Elshatlawy , Dean Rickles , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

The author's attempt to construct a local causal model of quantum theory (QT) that includes quantum field theory (QFT) resulted in the identification of "quantum objects" as the elementary units of causality and locality. Quantum objects…

General Physics · Physics 2016-09-15 Hans H. Diel

Generalised observables (POM observables) are necessary for representing all possible measurements on a quantum system. Useful algebraic operations such as addition and multiplication are defined for these observables, recovering many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Michael J. W. Hall

Given two or more non-commuting observables, it is generally not possible to simultaneously assign precise values to each. This quantum mechanical uncertainty principle is widely understood to be encapsulated by some form of uncertainty…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Paul Busch , Oliver Reardon-Smith

We show that the theory of operator quantum error correction can be naturally generalized by allowing constraints not only on states but also on observables. The resulting theory describes the correction of algebras of observables (and may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Cedric Beny , Achim Kempf , David W. Kribs

Quantum operations are the most widely used tool in the theory of quantum information processing, representing elementary transformations of quantum states that are composed to form complex quantum circuits. The class of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 Paolo Perinotti

We provide a possible fully geometric formulation of the core idea of quantum reference frames (QRFs) as it has been applied in the context of gravity, freeing its definition from unnecessary (though convenient) ingredients, such as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-23 Daniel A. Turolla Vanzella , Jeremy Butterfield

A formalism for quantum error correction based on operator algebras was introduced in [1] via consideration of the Heisenberg picture for quantum dynamics. The resulting theory allows for the correction of hybrid quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Cedric Beny , Achim Kempf , David W. Kribs

In this paper we consider the observables describing fundamental spatiotemporal properties and relations in the context of Quantum Gravity (QG). As we will show, in both Loop Quantum Gravity and in String Theory, these observables are…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2021-09-22 Enrico Cinti , Cristian Mariani , Marco Sanchioni

The standard formulation of quantum theory assumes a predefined notion of time. This is a major obstacle in the search for a quantum theory of gravity, where the causal structure of space-time is expected to be dynamical and fundamentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-29 Ognyan Oreshkov , Nicolas J. Cerf

Many fundamental and key objects in quantum mechanics are linear mappings between particular affine/linear spaces. This structure includes basic quantum elements such as states, measurements, channels, instruments, non-signalling channels…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-19 Simon Milz , Marco Túlio Quintino

Why do we need quantization to describe vision? What are the quadrature operators of the electromagnetic field? Is it possible to measure them? What are the characteristic functions useful for? In this brief tutorial we provide the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-08 Stefano Olivares

Local operators are the basic observables in quantum field theory which encode the physics observed by a local experimentalist. However, when gravity is dynamical, diffeomorphism symmetries are gauged which apparently obstructs a sensible…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-11 Hao Geng

Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) treats quantum states as observer-dependent facts rather than absolute properties. While this relational stance is conceptually attractive, it raises concerns about empirical confirmation, particularly in…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Bethany Terris

If several interventions performed on a quantum system are localized in mutually space-like regions, they will be recorded as a sequence of ``quantum jumps'' in one Lorentz frame, and as a different sequence of jumps in another Lorentz…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Asher Peres