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Table of contents (ToC) extraction aims to extract headings of different levels in documents to better understand the outline of the contents, which can be widely used for document understanding and information retrieval. Existing works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Pengfei Hu , Zhenrong Zhang , Jianshu Zhang , Jun Du , Jiajia Wu

In long, multi-page industrial documents, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) depends heavily on whether chunk boundaries follow the document's true structure. Existing text-centric chunkers and generative hierarchy parsers often miss…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Joongmin Shin , Jeongbae Park , Jaehyung Seo , Heuiseok Lim

Developing document understanding models at enterprise scale requires large, diverse, and well-annotated datasets spanning a wide range of document types. However, collecting such data is prohibitively expensive due to privacy constraints,…

Automatically recognizing the layout of handwritten documents is an important step towards useful extraction of information from those documents. The most common application is to feed downstream applications such as automatic text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Lorenzo Quirós , Enrique Vidal

We introduce WordScape, a novel pipeline for the creation of cross-disciplinary, multilingual corpora comprising millions of pages with annotations for document layout detection. Relating visual and textual items on document pages has…

Domain-specific Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) presents significant challenges due to the complexity and sensitivity of documents in fields such as medicine, finance, and material science. Existing Large (Multimodal) Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han , Yanbei Jiang , Yan Li , Zechuan Li , Yifan Peng

Despite the rapid progress of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), their capabilities are inadequately assessed by existing benchmarks, which are predominantly English-centric, feature simplistic layouts, and support limited tasks. Consequently,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ketong Chen , Yuhao Chen , Yang Xue

The recent advance in neural network architecture and training algorithms have shown the effectiveness of representation learning. The neural network-based models generate better representation than the traditional ones. They have the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Kamal Al-Sabahi , Zhang Zuping , Mohammed Nadher

Semi-structured documents integrate diverse interleaved data elements (e.g., tables, charts, hierarchical paragraphs) arranged in various and often irregular layouts. These documents are widely observed across domains and account for a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Bangrui Xu , Qihang Yao , Zirui Tang , Xuanhe Zhou , Yeye He , Shihan Yu , Qianqian Xu , Bin Wang , Guoliang Li , Conghui He , Fan Wu

Software documentation supports a broad set of software maintenance tasks; however, creating and maintaining high-quality, multi-level software documentation can be incredibly time-consuming and therefore many code bases suffer from a lack…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Katherine R. Dearstyne , Alberto D. Rodriguez , Jane Cleland-Huang

Existing multimodal document question-answering (QA) systems predominantly rely on flat semantic retrieval, representing documents as a set of disconnected text chunks and largely neglecting their intrinsic hierarchical and relational…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-28 ShunLiang Fu , Yanxin Zhang , Yixin Xiang , Xiaoyu Du , Jinhui Tang

Generating and maintaining API documentation with integrity and consistency can be time-consuming and expensive for evolving APIs. To solve this problem, several approaches have been proposed to automatically generate high-quality API…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Shujun Wang , Yongqiang Tian , Dengcheng He

Document layout analysis is crucial for understanding document structures. On this task, vision and semantics of documents, and relations between layout components contribute to the understanding process. Though many works have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Peng Zhang , Can Li , Liang Qiao , Zhanzhan Cheng , Shiliang Pu , Yi Niu , Fei Wu

We propose a method to create document representations that reflect their internal structure. We modify Tree-LSTMs to hierarchically merge basic elements such as words and sentences into blocks of increasing complexity. Our Structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Khalil Mrini , Claudiu Musat , Michael Baeriswyl , Martin Jaggi

Large vision language models (LVLMs) have improved the document understanding capabilities remarkably, enabling the handling of complex document elements, longer contexts, and a wider range of tasks. However, existing document understanding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Chao Deng , Jiale Yuan , Pi Bu , Peijie Wang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Jian Xu , Xiao-Hui Li , Yuan Gao , Jun Song , Bo Zheng , Cheng-Lin Liu

Current language understanding approaches focus on small documents, such as newswire articles, blog posts, product reviews and discussion forum entries. Understanding and extracting information from large documents like legal briefs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , Tim Finin

Understanding documents with rich layouts and multi-modal components is a long-standing and practical task. Recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have made remarkable strides in various tasks, particularly in single-page document…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Yubo Ma , Yuhang Zang , Liangyu Chen , Meiqi Chen , Yizhu Jiao , Xinze Li , Xinyuan Lu , Ziyu Liu , Yan Ma , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Liangming Pan , Yu-Gang Jiang , Jiaqi Wang , Yixin Cao , Aixin Sun

Document Layout Parsing serves as a critical gateway for Artificial Intelligence (AI) to access and interpret the world's vast stores of structured knowledge. This process,which encompasses layout detection, text recognition, and relational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Yumeng Li , Guang Yang , Hao Liu , Bowen Wang , Colin Zhang

While natural language understanding of long-form documents is still an open challenge, such documents often contain structural information that can inform the design of models for encoding them. Movie scripts are an example of such richly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Gayatri Bhat , Avneesh Saluja , Melody Dye , Jan Florjanczyk

Retrieving relevant documents from a corpus is typically based on the semantic similarity between the document content and query text. The inclusion of structural relationship between documents can benefit the retrieval mechanism by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Natraj Raman , Sameena Shah , Manuela Veloso