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Large language models (LLMs) are growing increasingly capable, prompting recent interest in LLM teams. Yet, despite increased deployment of LLM teams at scale, we lack a principled framework for addressing key questions such as when a team…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Elizabeth Mieczkowski , Katherine M. Collins , Ilia Sucholutsky , Natalia Vélez , Thomas L. Griffiths

As Large Language Models (LLMs) get integrated into diverse workflows, they are increasingly being regarded as "collaborators" with humans, and required to work in coordination with other AI systems. If such AI collaborators are to reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Abhijnan Nath , Carine Graff , Nikhil Krishnaswamy

Significant advancements have occurred in the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for social simulations. Despite this, their abilities to perform teaming in task-oriented social events are underexplored. Such capabilities are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yuan Li , Lichao Sun , Yixuan Zhang

The topic of Co-creation, i.e., AI agents interacting with humans to generate outputs (e.g., art), has gained significant attention recently. However, most studies focus on adult-human interactions in a digital setting. This paper explores…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Arturo Valdivia , Paolo Burelli

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly coordinate in multi-agent systems, yet we lack an understanding of where and why cooperation failures may arise. In many real-world coordination problems, from knowledge sharing in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Advait Yadav , Sid Black , Oliver Sourbut

Strategic reasoning enables agents to cooperate, communicate, and compete with other agents in diverse situations. Existing approaches to solving strategic games rely on extensive training, yielding strategies that do not generalize to new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Kanishk Gandhi , Dorsa Sadigh , Noah D. Goodman

The behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) as artificial social agents is largely unexplored, and we still lack extensive evidence of how these agents react to simple social stimuli. Testing the behavior of AI agents in classic Game…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Nicoló Fontana , Francesco Pierri , Luca Maria Aiello

Large language models (LLMs) can support democratic deliberation at scales previously constrained by turn-taking and facilitation bandwidth. Recent work shows that LLM-generated group statements are often preferred over human-mediated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Wajdi Zaghouani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional results on current benchmarks when working individually. The advancement in their capabilities, along with a reduction in parameter size and inference times, has facilitated the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Alfonso Amayuelas , Xianjun Yang , Antonis Antoniades , Wenyue Hua , Liangming Pan , William Wang

We investigated the capability of the GPT-3.5 large language model (LLM) to operationalize natural language descriptions of cooperative, competitive, altruistic, and self-interested behavior in two social dilemmas: the repeated Prisoners…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Steve Phelps , Yvan I. Russell

Multi-agent large language models (MA-LLMs) are a rapidly growing research area that leverages multiple interacting language agents to tackle complex tasks, outperforming single-agent large language models. This literature review…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Arne Tillmann

We introduce an approach to evaluate language model (LM) agency using negotiation games. This approach better reflects real-world use cases and addresses some of the shortcomings of alternative LM benchmarks. Negotiation games enable us to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Tim R. Davidson , Veniamin Veselovsky , Martin Josifoski , Maxime Peyrard , Antoine Bosselut , Michal Kosinski , Robert West

It is increasingly important that LLM agents interact effectively and safely with other goal-pursuing agents, yet, recent works report the opposite trend: LLMs with stronger reasoning capabilities behave _less_ cooperatively in mixed-motive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Emanuel Tewolde , Xiao Zhang , David Guzman Piedrahita , Vincent Conitzer , Zhijing Jin

As Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly employed in intricate social environments, a pressing query emerges: Can these NLP systems mirror human-esque collaborative intelligence, in a multi-agent society consisting of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jintian Zhang , Xin Xu , Ningyu Zhang , Ruibo Liu , Bryan Hooi , Shumin Deng

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as autonomous decision-makers in interactive and multi-agent systems and human societies, understanding their strategic behaviour has profound implications for safety, coordination, and…

As autonomous agents powered by LLM are increasingly deployed in society, understanding their collective behaviour in social dilemmas becomes critical. We introduce an evaluation framework where LLMs generate strategies encoded as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Richard Willis , Jianing Zhao , Yali Du , Joel Z. Leibo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly powerful and capable of handling complex tasks, e.g., building single agents and multi-agent systems. Compared to single agents, multi-agent systems have higher requirements for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Wei Wang , Dan Zhang , Tao Feng , Boyan Wang , Jie Tang

Language is essentially a complex, intricate system of human expressions governed by grammatical rules. It poses a significant challenge to develop capable AI algorithms for comprehending and grasping a language. As a major approach,…