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Most methods for explaining black-box classifiers (e.g. on tabular data, images, or time series) rely on measuring the impact that removing/perturbing features has on the model output. This forces the explanation language to match the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Alan Perotti , Paolo Bajardi , Francesco Bonchi , André Panisson

In high-stakes domains, such as healthcare and industry, the explainability of AI-based decision-making has become crucial. Without insight into model reasoning, the reliability of these models cannot be ensured. Applications often rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Annemarie Jutte , Faizan Ahmed , Jeroen Linssen , Maurice van Keulen

Modern time series classifiers display impressive predictive capabilities, yet their decision-making processes mostly remain black boxes to the user. At the same time, model-agnostic explainers, such as the recently proposed SHAP, promise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Felix Mujkanovic , Vanja Doskoč , Martin Schirneck , Patrick Schäfer , Tobias Friedrich

Hierarchical time-series forecasting is essential for demand prediction across various industries. While machine learning models have obtained significant accuracy and scalability on such forecasting tasks, the interpretability of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Harshavardhan Kamarthi , Shangqing Xu , Xinjie Tong , Xingyu Zhou , James Peters , Joseph Czyzyk , B. Aditya Prakash

As deep neural networks (DNNs) get adopted in an ever-increasing number of applications, explainability has emerged as a crucial desideratum for these models. In many real-world tasks, one of the principal reasons for requiring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Vedant Nanda , Till Speicher , John P. Dickerson , Krishna P. Gummadi , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Although Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) can be computed in polynomial time for simple models like decision trees, they unfortunately become NP-hard to compute for more expressive black-box models like neural networks - where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Reda Marzouk , Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz

Complex black-box predictive models may have high accuracy, but opacity causes problems like lack of trust, lack of stability, sensitivity to concept drift. On the other hand, interpretable models require more work related to feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Alicja Gosiewska , Aleksandra Gacek , Piotr Lubon , Przemyslaw Biecek

Predictive black-box models can exhibit high accuracy but their opaque nature hinders their uptake in safety-critical deployment environments. Explanation methods (XAI) can provide confidence for decision-making through increased…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-27 Lucile Ter-Minassian , Oscar Clivio , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Robin J. Evans , Chris Holmes

Time series forecasting, while vital in various applications, often employs complex models that are difficult for humans to understand. Effective explainable AI techniques are crucial to bridging the gap between model predictions and user…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Hongnan Ma , Kevin McAreavey , Weiru Liu

Transparency of Machine Learning models used for decision support in various industries becomes essential for ensuring their ethical use. To that end, feature attribution methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Anna Bogdanova , Akira Imakura , Tetsuya Sakurai , Tomoya Fujii , Teppei Sakamoto , Hiroyuki Abe

Clinical decisions are high-stakes and require explicit justification, making model interpretability essential for auditing deep clinical models prior to deployment. As the ecosystem of model architectures and explainability methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yongda Fan , John Wu , Andrea Fitzpatrick , Naveen Baskaran , Jimeng Sun , Adam Cross

Global SHAP explanations are typically presented as feature-importance rankings, which identify variables that matter to a black-box model but do not indicate whether their effects admit clear directional summaries, how uncertain those…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Dongseok Kim , Hyoungsun Choi , Mohamed Jismy Aashik Rasool , Gisung Oh

We take a formal approach to the explainability problem of machine learning systems. We argue against the practice of interpreting black-box models via attributing scores to input components due to inherently conflicting goals of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Kai Jia , Pasapol Saowakon , Limor Appelbaum , Martin Rinard

Reliable fall detection in elderly care requires monitoring systems that are not only accurate but also capable of producing stable, interpretable explanations of motion dynamics, a requirement that existing post hoc explainability methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mohammad Saleh , Azadeh Tabatabaei

Time series forecasting, which predicts future values from past observations, plays a central role in many domains and has driven the development of highly accurate neural network models. However, the complexity of these models often limits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Hiroki Tomioka , Genta Yoshimura

Advanced machine learning models have recently achieved high predictive accuracy for weather and climate prediction. However, these complex models often lack inherent transparency and interpretability, acting as "black boxes" that impede…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Ruyi Yang , Jingyu Hu , Zihao Li , Jianli Mu , Tingzhao Yu , Jiangjiang Xia , Xuhong Li , Aritra Dasgupta , Haoyi Xiong

We present an interpretable companion model for any pre-trained black-box classifiers. The idea is that for any input, a user can decide to either receive a prediction from the black-box model, with high accuracy but no explanations, or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-12 Danqing Pan , Tong Wang , Satoshi Hara

In some situations, the interpretability of the machine learning models plays a role as important as the model accuracy. Interpretability comes from the need to trust the prediction model, verify some of its properties, or even enforce them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia , Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

The overarching goal of Explainable AI is to develop systems that not only exhibit intelligent behaviours, but also are able to explain their rationale and reveal insights. In explainable machine learning, methods that produce a high level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Xiuyi Fan , Siyuan Liu , Thomas C. Henderson

Probabilistic time series forecasting has played critical role in decision-making processes due to its capability to quantify uncertainties. Deep forecasting models, however, could be prone to input perturbations, and the notion of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 TaeHo Yoon , Youngsuk Park , Ernest K. Ryu , Yuyang Wang