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In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to legal documents. The use of convolutional and recurrent neural networks along with word embedding techniques have presented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Mariana Y. Noguti , Eduardo Vellasques , Luiz S. Oliveira

Large language models (LLMs) with extended context windows show promise for complex legal reasoning tasks, yet their ability to understand long legal documents remains insufficiently evaluated. Developing long-context benchmarks that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Li Zhang , Jaromir Savelka , Kevin Ashley

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to optimize the analysis and synthesis of legal documents, enabling the automation of tasks such as summarization, classification, and retrieval of legal information. This study aims…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Matheus Belarmino , Rackel Coelho , Roberto Lotudo , Jayr Pereira

The rapid advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant improvements in various natural language processing tasks. However, the evaluation of LLMs' legal knowledge, particularly in non-English languages such as…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma

The legal landscape encompasses a wide array of lawsuit types, presenting lawyers with challenges in delivering timely and accurate information to clients, particularly concerning critical aspects like potential imprisonment duration or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jia-Hong Huang , Chao-Chun Yang , Yixian Shen , Alessio M. Pacces , Evangelos Kanoulas

Although large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance for many language tasks, most of them can only handle texts a few thousand tokens long, limiting their applications on longer sequence inputs, such as books, reports,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yushi Bai , Xin Lv , Jiajie Zhang , Hongchang Lyu , Jiankai Tang , Zhidian Huang , Zhengxiao Du , Xiao Liu , Aohan Zeng , Lei Hou , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang , Juanzi Li

This study investigates the performance of the zero-shot method in classifying data using three large language models, alongside two models with large input token sizes and the two pre-trained models on legal data. Our main dataset comes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Hoorieh Sabzevari , Mohammadmostafa Rostamkhani , Sauleh Eetemadi

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a greater challenge of having a rigorous and systematic evaluation of complex tasks performed, especially in enterprise applications. Therefore, LLMs need to be able to benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Bing Zhang , Mikio Takeuchi , Ryo Kawahara , Shubhi Asthana , Md. Maruf Hossain , Guang-Jie Ren , Kate Soule , Yada Zhu

Current language models (LMs) excel at reasoning over prompts using pre-trained knowledge. However, real-world tasks are far more complex and context-dependent: models must learn from task-specific context and leverage new knowledge beyond…

In recent years, thanks to breakthroughs in neural network techniques especially attentive deep learning models, natural language processing has made many impressive achievements. However, automated legal word processing is still a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Ha-Thanh Nguyen

In multilingual nations like India, access to legal information is often hindered by language barriers, as much of the legal and judicial documentation remains in English. Legal Machine Translation (L-MT) offers a scalable solution to this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Amit Barman , Atanu Mandal , Sudip Kumar Naskar

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in sentence-level machine translation, but scaling to document-level translation remains challenging, particularly in modeling long-range dependencies and discourse phenomena…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Miguel Moura Ramos , Patrick Fernandes , Sweta Agrawal , André F. T. Martins

Automatic legal judgment prediction and its explanation suffer from the problem of long case documents exceeding tens of thousands of words, in general, and having a non-uniform structure. Predicting judgments from such documents and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufik Dkaki

This paper explores learning rich self-supervised entity representations from large amounts of the associated text. Once pre-trained, these models become applicable to multiple entity-centric tasks such as ranked retrieval, knowledge base…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yury Zemlyanskiy , Sudeep Gandhe , Ruining He , Bhargav Kanagal , Anirudh Ravula , Juraj Gottweis , Fei Sha , Ilya Eckstein

Predicting the judgment of a legal case from its unannotated case facts is a challenging task. The lengthy and non-uniform document structure poses an even greater challenge in extracting information for decision prediction. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

We find that the best publicly available LLMs like GPT-4 and Claude currently perform poorly on basic legal text handling. This motivates the creation of a benchmark consisting of examples that lawyers and paralegals would expect LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Andrew Blair-Stanek , Nils Holzenberger , Benjamin Van Durme

Language Models (LMs) have proven their ability to acquire diverse linguistic knowledge during the pretraining phase, potentially serving as a valuable source of incidental supervision for downstream tasks. However, there has been limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Claire Barale , Michael Rovatsos , Nehal Bhuta

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is revolutionising the way both professionals and laypersons operate in the legal field. The considerable potential for NLP in the legal sector, especially in developing computational assistance tools for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Farid Ariai , Joel Mackenzie , Gianluca Demartini

Previous work on document-level NMT usually focuses on limited contexts because of degraded performance on larger contexts. In this paper, we investigate on using large contexts with three main contributions: (1) Different from previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu