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Sequential recommendation is essential in modern recommender systems, aiming to predict the next item a user may interact with based on their historical behaviors. However, real-world scenarios are often dynamic and subject to shifts in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Changshuo Zhang , Xiao Zhang , Teng Shi , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Personalized federated learning algorithms have shown promising results in adapting models to various distribution shifts. However, most of these methods require labeled data on testing clients for personalization, which is usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Wenxuan Bao , Tianxin Wei , Haohan Wang , Jingrui He

We present Point-TTA, a novel test-time adaptation framework for point cloud registration (PCR) that improves the generalization and the performance of registration models. While learning-based approaches have achieved impressive progress,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Ahmed Hatem , Yiming Qian , Yang Wang

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt pre-trained deep neural networks using solely online unlabelled test data during inference. Although TTA has shown promise in visual applications, its potential in time series contexts remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Peiliang Gong , Mohamed Ragab , Min Wu , Zhenghua Chen , Yongyi Su , Xiaoli Li , Daoqiang Zhang

Test-time adaptation offers a promising avenue for improving reasoning performance in large language models without additional supervision, but existing approaches often apply a uniform optimization objective across all inputs, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Sudhir Mudur

Prior work has established Test-Time Training (TTT) as a general framework to further improve a trained model at test time. Before making a prediction on each test instance, the model is first trained on the same instance using a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Renhao Wang , Yu Sun , Arnuv Tandon , Yossi Gandelsman , Xinlei Chen , Alexei A. Efros , Xiaolong Wang

A major problem of deep neural networks for image classification is their vulnerability to domain changes at test-time. Recent methods have proposed to address this problem with test-time training (TTT), where a two-branch model is trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 David Osowiechi , Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim , Mehrdad Noori , Milad Cheraghalikhani , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

We consider the problem of improving the human instance segmentation mask quality for a given test image using keypoints estimation. We compare two alternative approaches. The first approach is a test-time adaptation (TTA) method, where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Kambiz Azarian , Debasmit Das , Hyojin Park , Fatih Porikli

Time-series forecasting has seen significant advancements with the introduction of token prediction mechanisms such as multi-head attention. However, these methods often struggle to achieve the same performance as in language modeling,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Panayiotis Christou , Shichu Chen , Xupeng Chen , Parijat Dube

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui

Test-time training (TTT) with KV binding as sequence modeling layer is commonly interpreted as a form of online meta-learning that memorizes a key-value mapping at test time. However, our analysis reveals multiple phenomena that contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Junchen Liu , Sven Elflein , Or Litany , Zan Gojcic , Ruilong Li

Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Halil Alperen Gozeten , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Xuechen Zhang , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Marco Mondelli , Samet Oymak

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Test-time adaptation (TTA) adapts pre-trained models to distribution shifts at inference using only unlabeled test data. Under the Practical TTA (PTTA) setting, where test streams are temporally correlated and non-i.i.d., memory has become…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yu-Wen Tseng , Xingyi Zheng , Ya-Chen Wu , I-Bin Liao , Yung-Hui Li , Hong-Han Shuai , Wen-Huang Cheng

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Fully Test-Time Adaptation (TTA), which aims at adapting models to data drifts, has recently attracted wide interest. Numerous tricks and techniques have been proposed to ensure robust learning on arbitrary streams of unlabeled data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Saypraseuth Mounsaveng , Florent Chiaroni , Malik Boudiaf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed

Learning to adapt pretrained language models to unlabeled, out-of-distribution data is a critical challenge, as models often falter on structurally novel reasoning tasks even while excelling within their training distribution. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Hossam Amer , Sudhir Mudur , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Walid Ahmed

In this work, we propose a novel complementary learning approach to enhance test-time adaptation (TTA), which has been proven to exhibit good performance on testing data with distribution shifts such as corruptions. In test-time adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Jiayi Han , Longbin Zeng , Liang Du , Weiyang Ding , Jianfeng Feng

Learning Invariant Representations has been successfully applied for reconciling a source and a target domain for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation. By investigating the robustness of such methods under the prism of the cluster assumption, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Yassine Ouali , Victor Bouvier , Myriam Tami , Céline Hudelot

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang