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Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts for streaming test data in unsupervised settings. Currently, most TTA methods can only deal with minor shifts and rely heavily on heuristic and empirical studies. To advance TTA under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Shuiwang Ji

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui

Active Test-Time Adaptation (ATTA) improves model robustness under domain shift by selectively querying human annotations at deployment, but existing methods use heuristic uncertainty measures and suffer from low data selection efficiency,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Tingyu Shi , Fan Lyu , Shaoliang Peng

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Domain adaptation (DA) techniques help deep learning models generalize across data shifts for point cloud semantic segmentation (PCSS). Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows direct adaptation of a pre-trained model to unlabeled data during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Puzuo Wang , Wei Yao , Jie Shao , Zhiyi He

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud semantic segmentation is a fundamental task for large-scale 3D scene understanding. Fixed models deployed in real-world scenarios often suffer from performance degradation due to continuous domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yuan Gao , Shaobo Xia , Sheng Nie , Cheng Wang , Xiaohuan Xi , Bisheng Yang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt a pretrained model to ever-changing environments during the test time under continuous domain shifts. Most existing CTTA approaches are based on the Mean Teacher (MT) structure, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Jiaxu Tian , Fan Lyu

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) involves adapting a pre-trained source model to continually changing unsupervised target domains. In this paper, we systematically analyze the challenges of this task: online environment, unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhilin Zhu , Xiaopeng Hong , Zhiheng Ma , Weijun Zhuang , Yaohui Ma , Yong Dai , Yaowei Wang

Continual test-time adaptation (CTTA) has recently emerged to adapt a pre-trained source model to continuously evolving target distributions, which accommodates the dynamic nature of real-world environments. To mitigate the risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chaoran Cui , Yongrui Zhen , Shuai Gong , Chunyun Zhang , Hui Liu , Yilong Yin

Since real-world machine systems are running in non-stationary environments, Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task is proposed to adapt the pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. Recently, existing methods mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Senqiao Yang , Peidong Jia , Renrui Zhang , Ming Lu , Yandong Guo , Wei Xue , Shanghang Zhang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task investigates effective domain adaptation under the scenario of continuous domain shifts during testing time. Due to the utilization of solely unlabeled samples, there exists significant uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fan Lyu , Kaile Du , Yuyang Li , Hanyu Zhao , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Guangcan Liu , Liang Wang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to empower perception systems to handle dynamic distribution shifts encountered after deployment. Existing methods predominantly follow a backward-alignment paradigm, which rigidly aligns incoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Zhu , Yabin Wang , Zhiheng Ma , Yaguang Song , Yaowei Wang , Xiaopeng Hong

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate distributional shifts between training and test domains during inference time. However, existing TTA methods fall short in the realistic scenario where models face both continually changing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingkai Yang , Chaoqi Chen , Hui Huang

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) is required to adapt efficiently to continuous unseen domains while retaining previously learned knowledge. However, despite the progress of CTTA, it is still challenging to deploy the model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Daeun Lee , Jaehong Yoon , Sung Ju Hwang

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) is a task that requires a source pre-trained model to continually adapt to new scenarios with changing target distributions. Existing CTTA methods primarily focus on mitigating the challenges of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinlong Li , Dong Zhao , Qi Zang , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma , Nicu Sebe

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the resilience of benchmark multi-modal models against distribution shifts by leveraging the unlabeled target data during inference. Despite the documented success, the advancement of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Chuxiong Sun , Xiao Xu , Jiangmeng Li , Fanjiang Xu

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) is an emerging research topic that aims to understand and recognize human sentiment or emotions through multiple modalities. However, in real-world dynamic scenarios, the distribution of target data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zirun Guo , Tao Jin , Wenlong Xu , Wang Lin , Yangyang Wu

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTA) is a challenging task that aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. In the CTA setting, a model does not know when the target domain changes, thus facing a drastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Inseop Chung , Kyomin Hwang , Jayeon Yoo , Nojun Kwak

Real-world vision models in dynamic environments face rapid shifts in domain distributions, leading to decreased recognition performance. Using unlabeled test data, continuous test-time adaptation (CTTA) directly adjusts a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Baoming Zhang , Yunhui Guo