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Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) relaxes the requirement of dense annotations for object localization by using image-level classification masks to supervise its learning process. However, current WSOL methods suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Lei Zhu , Qi She , Qian Chen , Xiangxi Meng , Mufeng Geng , Lujia Jin , Zhe Jiang , Bin Qiu , Yunfei You , Yibao Zhang , Qiushi Ren , Yanye Lu

The image-level label has prevailed in weakly supervised semantic segmentation tasks due to its easy availability. Since image-level labels can only indicate the existence or absence of specific categories of objects, visualization-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Tao Chen , Yazhou Yao , Xingguo Huang , Zechao Li , Liqiang Nie , Jinhui Tang

CNN visualization and interpretation methods, like class-activation maps (CAMs), are typically used to highlight the image regions linked to class predictions. These models allow to simultaneously classify images and extract class-dependent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Soufiane Belharbi , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Leveraging spatiotemporal information in videos is critical for weakly supervised video object localization (WSVOL) tasks. However, state-of-the-art methods only rely on visual and motion cues, while discarding discriminative information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Soufiane Belharbi , Shakeeb Murtaza , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Compared with expensive pixel-wise annotations, image-level labels make it possible to learn semantic segmentation in a weakly-supervised manner. Within this pipeline, the class activation map (CAM) is obtained and further processed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Jiawei Liu , Jing Zhang , Yicong Hong , Nick Barnes

Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) is a challenging problem which aims to localize objects with only image-level labels. Due to the lack of ground truth bounding boxes, class labels are mainly employed to train the model. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Sabrina Narimene Benassou , Wuzhen Shi , Feng Jiang , Abdallah Benzine

The need for Explainable AI is increasing with the development of deep learning. The saliency maps derived from convolutional neural networks generally fail in localizing with accuracy the image features justifying the network prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Alexandre Englebert , Olivier Cornu , Christophe De Vleeschouwer

Class activation map (CAM) helps to formulate saliency maps that aid in interpreting the deep neural network's prediction. Gradient-based methods are generally faster than other branches of vision interpretability and independent of human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Masud An Nur Islam Fahim , Nazmus Saqib , Shafkat Khan Siam , Ho Yub Jung

Few-shot classification (FSC) is one of the most concerned hot issues in recent years. The general setting consists of two phases: (1) Pre-train a feature extraction model (FEM) with base data (has large amounts of labeled samples). (2) Use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Shuai Shao , Lei Xing , Yixin Chen , Yan-Jiang Wang , Bao-Di Liu , Yicong Zhou

Class activation map (CAM) has been widely studied for visual explanation of the internal working mechanism of convolutional neural networks. The key of existing CAM-based methods is to compute effective weights to combine activation maps…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Hui Li , Zihao Li , Rui Ma , Tieru Wu

Interpreting the decision-making process of deep convolutional neural networks remains a central challenge in achieving trustworthy and transparent artificial intelligence. Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, particularly Class Activation Map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hajar Dekdegue , Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Jordan Bernigaud

Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) is challenging, particularly when image-level labels are used to supervise pixel level prediction. To bridge their gap, a Class Activation Map (CAM) is usually generated to provide pixel level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Weixuan Sun , Jing Zhang , Zheyuan Liu , Yiran Zhong , Nick Barnes

Existing saliency-guided training approaches improve model generalization by incorporating a loss term that compares the model's class activation map (CAM) for a sample's true-class ({\it i.e.}, correct-label class) against a human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Jacob Piland , Chris Sweet , Adam Czajka

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) has been widely adopted to generate saliency maps which provides visual explanations for deep neural networks (DNNs). The saliency maps are conventionally generated by fusing the channels of the target feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Guangwu Qian , Zhen-Qun Yang , Xu-Lu Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Qing Li , Xiao-Yong Wei

Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL) methodsusually rely on fully convolutional networks in order to ob-tain class activation maps(CAMs) of targeted labels. How-ever, these networks always highlight the most discriminativeparts to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Ziyi Kou , Wentian Zhao , Guofeng Cui , Shaojie Wang

To visualize the regions of interest that classifiers base their decisions on, different Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have been developed. However, all of these techniques target categorical classifiers only, though most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xinyi Zhang , Johanna Sophie Bieri , Manuel Günther

Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) methods with image-level labels generally train a classification network to generate the Class Activation Maps (CAMs) as the initial coarse segmentation labels. However, current WSSS methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Lixiang Ru , Bo Du , Yibing Zhan , Chen Wu

Image-level weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) reduces the usually vast data annotation cost by surrogate segmentation masks during training. The typical approach involves training an image classification network using global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Arvi Jonnarth , Yushan Zhang , Michael Felsberg

We study how to evaluate the quantitative information content of a region within an image for a particular label. To this end, we bridge class activation maps with information theory. We develop an informative class activation map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Zhenyue Qin , Dongwoo Kim , Tom Gedeon

In recent years, artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied widely in many different fields and has a profound and direct impact on human life. Following this is the need to understand the principles of the model making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Quoc Hung Cao , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Xuan Phong Nguyen