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International Large-scale Assessments (ILSAs), such as the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), are cornerstone tools for global educational research and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Jing Ouyang , Yunxiao Chen , Chengcheng Li , Gongjun Xu

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) with large language models (LLMs) is commonly evaluated with aggregate metrics such as macro-F1 and Cohen's kappa. However, these metrics provide limited insight into how grading performance varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longwei Cong , Sonja Hahn , Sebastian Gombert , Leon Camus , Hendrik Drachsler , Ulf Kroehne

Within the educational context, a key goal is to assess students acquired skills and to cluster students according to their ability level. In this regard, a relevant element to be accounted for is the possible effect of the school students…

Applications · Statistics 2014-08-12 Michela Gnaldi , Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci

We propose a structural equation model, which reduces to a multidimensional latent class item response theory model, for the analysis of binary item responses with non-ignorable missingness. The missingness mechanism is driven by two sets…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-10-21 Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci

We study semiparametric factor models in high-dimensional panels where the factor loadings consist of a nonparametric component explained by observed covariates and an idiosyncratic component capturing unobserved heterogeneity. A key…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-09 Sijie Zheng

Pre-ranking plays a crucial role in large-scale recommender systems by significantly improving the efficiency and scalability within the constraints of providing high-quality candidate sets in real time. The two-tower model is widely used…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Chao Xiong , Xianwen Yu , Wei Xu , Lei Cheng , Chuan Yuan , Linjian Mo

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a ubiquitous model for understanding humans based on their responses to questions, used in fields as diverse as education, medicine and psychology. Large modern datasets offer opportunities to capture more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Mike Wu , Richard L. Davis , Benjamin W. Domingue , Chris Piech , Noah Goodman

The item response theory obtains the estimates and their confidence intervals for parameters of abilities of examinees and difficulties of problems by using the observed item response matrix consisting of 0/1 value elements. Many papers…

Computation · Statistics 2022-03-08 Hideo Hirose

Matrix factorization techniques have been widely used as a method for collaborative filtering for recommender systems. In recent times, different variants of deep learning algorithms have been explored in this setting to improve the task of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Vaibhav Krishna , Tian Guo , Nino Antulov-Fantulin

Effective educational measurement relies heavily on the curation of well-designed item pools (i.e., possessing the right psychometric properties). However, item calibration is time-consuming and costly, requiring a sufficient number of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yunting Liu , Shreya Bhandari , Zachary A. Pardos

Research on the test structure of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) has largely been performed with exploratory methods such as factor analysis and cluster analysis. Multi-Dimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) provides an alternative to…

Physics Education · Physics 2018-06-20 John Stewart , Cabot Zabriskie , Seth DeVore , Gay Stewart

Accurate estimates of item difficulty are essential for valid assessment and effective adaptive learning. However, for newly created tasks, response data are typically unavailable. Pretesting and expert judgement can be costly and slow,…

Incremental learning aims to adapt to new sets of categories over time with minimal computational overhead. Prior work often addresses this task by training efficient task-specific adaptors that modify frozen layer weights or features to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Nazia Tasnim , Bryan A. Plummer

Incorporating Item Response Theory (IRT) into NLP tasks can provide valuable information about model performance and behavior. Traditionally, IRT models are learned using human response pattern (RP) data, presenting a significant bottleneck…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-02 John P. Lalor , Hao Wu , Hong Yu

This paper is concerned with the nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) for estimating item characteristic curves (ICCs) and latent abilities of examinees on educational and psychological tests. In contrast to parametric models, NIRT…

Applications · Statistics 2017-04-26 Toshiki Sato , Yuichi Takano

It is widely admitted that structured nonparametric modeling that circumvents the curse of dimensionality is important in nonparametric estimation. In this paper we show that the same holds for semi-parametric estimation. We argue that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-04-25 Kyusang Yu , Enno Mammen , Byeong U. Park

This paper introduces a flexible Bayesian nonparametric Item Response Theory (IRT) model, which applies to dichotomous or polytomous item responses, and which can apply to either unidimensional or multidimensional scaling. This is an…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-02-12 George Karabatsos

Requirements Satisfaction Assessment (RSA) evaluates whether the set of design elements linked to a single requirement provide sufficient coverage of that requirement -- typically meaning that all concepts in the requirement are addressed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Amrit Poudel , Jinfeng Lin , Jane Cleland-Huang

Item factor analysis (IFA) refers to the factor models and statistical inference procedures for analyzing multivariate categorical data. IFA techniques are commonly used in social and behavioral sciences for analyzing item-level response…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-17 Yunxiao Chen , Siliang Zhang

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a well known method for assessing responses from humans in education and psychology. In education, IRT is used to infer student abilities and characteristics of test items from student responses. Interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Oskar Keurulainen , Andrew Howes