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Instead of the 'bag-of-words' representation, in the quantitative profile approach to spam filtering and email categorization, an email is represented by an m-dimensional vector of numbers, with m fixed in advance. Inspired by Sroufe et al.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-01-04 M. Grendár , J. Škutová , V. Špitalský

The email system is the central battleground against phishing and social engineering attacks, and yet email providers still face key challenges to authenticate incoming emails. As a result, attackers can apply spoofing techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-04 Hang Hu , Gang Wang

Computer generated academic papers have been used to expose a lack of thorough human review at several computer science conferences. We assess the problem of classifying such documents. After identifying and evaluating several quantifiable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-08-05 Allen Lavoie , Mukkai Krishnamoorthy

The growing sophistication of Business Email Compromise (BEC) and spear phishing attacks poses significant challenges to organizations worldwide. The techniques featured in traditional spam and phishing detection are insufficient due to the…

Web spam is a big challenge for quality of search engine results. It is very important for search engines to detect web spam accurately. In this paper we present 32 low cost quality factors to classify spam and ham pages on real time basis.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-10-09 Ashish Chandra , Mohammad Suaib , Dr. Rizwan Beg

Using naive Bayes for email classification has become very popular within the last few months. They are quite easy to implement and very efficient. In this paper we want to present empirical results of email classification using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Daniel Etzold

Using multi group asymmetric public and private keys, this paper proposes a encryption email communication system, which makes email communication more secure, lowers the service provider\'s network and storage consumption, and completely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Avanna , Psycho Zhang , Simon Yan , Jonne Mao

To date, most studies on spam have focused only on the spamming phase of the spam cycle and have ignored the harvesting phase, which consists of the mass acquisition of email addresses. It has been observed that spammers conceal their…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-05-02 Kevin S. Xu , Mark Kliger , Yilun Chen , Peter J. Woolf , Alfred O. Hero

Misclassifications in spam and phishing detection are very harmful, as false negatives expose users to attacks while false positives degrade trust. Existing uncertainty-based detectors can flag potential errors, but possibly be deceived and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Qi Zhang , Dian Chen , Lance M. Kaplan , Audun Jøsang , Dong Hyun Jeong , Feng Chen , Jin-Hee Cho

The problem of detecting phishing emails through machine learning techniques has been discussed extensively in the literature. Conventional and state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms have demonstrated the possibility of building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Luis Felipe Gutiérrez , Faranak Abri , Miriam Armstrong , Akbar Siami Namin , Keith S. Jones

This study evaluates the effectiveness of different feature extraction techniques and classification algorithms in detecting spam messages within SMS data. We analyzed six classifiers Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Mohsen Ahmadi , Matin Khajavi , Abbas Varmaghani , Ali Ala , Kasra Danesh , Danial Javaheri

The paper presents the results obtained during research on detection of unsolicited e-mails which are sent by botnets. The distinction from most of the existing solutions is the fact that the presented approach is based on the analysis of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Piotr Bazydło , Krzysztof Lasota , Adam Kozakiewicz

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of highly persuasive spam reviews that closely mimic human writing. These reviews pose significant challenges for existing detection systems and threaten the credibility of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xin Liu , Rongwu Xu , Xinyi Jia , Jason Liao , Jiao Sun , Ling Huang , Wei Xu

One of the key security threats on the Internet are the compromised machines that can be used to launch various security attacks such as spamming and spreading malware, accessing useful information and DDoS. Attackers for spamming activity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-02-11 Rajesh R Chauhan , G S Praveen Kumar

The short message service (SMS) was introduced a generation ago to the mobile phone users. They make up the world's oldest large-scale network, with billions of users and therefore attracts a lot of fraud. Due to the convergence of mobile…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Muhammad Salman , Muhammad Ikram , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

Phishing remains a critical cybersecurity threat, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) capable of generating highly convincing malicious content. Unlike earlier phishing attempts which are identifiable by grammatical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Deeksha Hareesha Kulal , Chidozie Princewill Arannonu , Afsah Anwar , Nidhi Rastogi , Quamar Niyaz

Although the problem of spam classification seems to be solved, there are still vulnerabilities in the current spam filters that could be easily exploited. We present one such vulnerability, in which one could replace some characters with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Mark Sokolov , Kehinde Olufowobi , Nic Herndon

The paper presents a suspicious email detection model which incorporates enhanced feature selection. In the paper we proposed the use of feature selection strategies along with classification technique for terrorists email detection. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-09 Sarwat Nizamani , Nasrullah Memon , Uffe Kock Wiil , Panagiotis Karampelas

Email service providers have employed many email classification and prioritization systems over the last decade to improve their services. In order to assist email services, we propose a personalized email community detection method to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-06-07 Waqas Nawaz , Yongkoo Han , Kifayat-Ullah Khan , Young-Koo Lee

Email tracking allows email senders to collect fine-grained behavior and location data on email recipients, who are uniquely identifiable via their email address. Such tracking invades user privacy in that email tracking techniques gather…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Johannes Haupt , Benedict Bender , Benjamin Fabian , Stefan Lessmann