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Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of valuable original natural language contents found in subscription-based media outlets, web novel platforms, and outputs of large language models. However, these contents are susceptible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 KiYoon Yoo , Wonhyuk Ahn , Jiho Jang , Nojun Kwak

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) enable interaction over both text and images, but their safety behavior can be driven by unimodal shortcuts instead of true joint intent understanding. We introduce CSR-Bench, a benchmark for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yuxuan Liu , Yuntian Shi , Kun Wang , Haoting Shen , Kun Yang

Automatically generating descriptive captions for images is a well-researched area in computer vision. However, existing evaluation approaches focus on measuring the similarity between two sentences disregarding fine-grained semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Philipp Harzig , Dan Zecha , Rainer Lienhart , Carolin Kaiser , René Schallner

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) provides a foundation model by integrating natural language into visual concepts, enabling zero-shot recognition on downstream tasks. It is usually expected that satisfactory overall accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Jie-Jing Shao , Jiang-Xin Shi , Xiao-Wen Yang , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Evaluating text-to-image generative models remains a challenge, despite the remarkable progress being made in their overall performances. While existing metrics like CLIPScore work for coarse evaluations, they lack the sensitivity to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Georgia Gabriela Sampaio , Ruixiang Zhang , Shuangfei Zhai , Jiatao Gu , Josh Susskind , Navdeep Jaitly , Yizhe Zhang

Despite the rapid progress of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), they have largely overlooked the importance of visual processing. In a simple yet revealing experiment, we interestingly find that language-only models, when provided…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuting Li , Lai Wei , Kaipeng Zheng , Jingyuan Huang , Guilin Li , Bo Wang , Linghe Kong , Lichao Sun , Weiran Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show impressive vision-language benchmark performance, yet growing concerns about data contamination (test set exposure during training) risk masking true generalization. This concern extends to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Liu , Wensheng Zhang

The CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) model and its variants are becoming the de facto backbone in many applications. However, training a CLIP model from hundreds of millions of image-text pairs can be prohibitively expensive.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Liangliang Cao , Bowen Zhang , Chen Chen , Yinfei Yang , Xianzhi Du , Wencong Zhang , Zhiyun Lu , Yantao Zheng

Researchers are increasingly using language models (LMs) for text annotation. These approaches rely only on a prompt telling the model to return a given output according to a set of instructions. The reproducibility of LM outputs may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Christopher Barrie , Elli Palaiologou , Petter Törnberg

Image-Text Retrieval (ITR) systems are central to multimodal information access, with Vision-Language Models (VLMs) showing strong performance on standard benchmarks. However, these benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mariya Hendriksen , Shuo Zhang , Ridho Reinanda , Mohamed Yahya , Edgar Meij , Maarten de Rijke

In the deployment of large language models (LLMs), accurate confidence estimation is critical for assessing the credibility of model predictions. However, existing methods often fail to overcome the issue of overconfidence on incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Pei Wang , Yejie Wang , Muxi Diao , Keqing He , Guanting Dong , Weiran Xu

The task of image captioning aims to generate captions directly from images via the automatically learned cross-modal generator. To build a well-performing generator, existing approaches usually need a large number of described images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Yang Yang , Hongchen Wei , Hengshu Zhu , Dianhai Yu , Hui Xiong , Jian Yang

We evaluate the robustness of several large language models on multiple datasets. Robustness here refers to the relative insensitivity of the model's answers to meaning-preserving variants of their input. Benchmark datasets are constructed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Samuel Ackerman , Ella Rabinovich , Eitan Farchi , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Large language models (LLMs) achieve promising results in code generation based on a given natural language description. They have been integrated into open-source projects and commercial products to facilitate daily coding activities. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Junkai Chen , Zhenhao Li , Xing Hu , Xin Xia

Automatic image captioning evaluation is critical for benchmarking and promoting advances in image captioning research. Existing metrics only provide a single score to measure caption qualities, which are less explainable and informative.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Anwen Hu , Shizhe Chen , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

Automatic metrics are now central to evaluating text-to-image models, often substituting for human judgment in benchmarking and large-scale filtering. However, it remains unclear whether these metrics truly prioritize semantic correctness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Subhadeep Roy , Gagan Bhatia , Steffen Eger

The growing dependence on Large Language Models (LLMs) for finishing user instructions necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their robustness to complex task completion in real-world situations. To address this critical need, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Zekai Zhang , Yiduo Guo , Yaobo Liang , Dongyan Zhao , Nan Duan

Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment from picture descriptions is critical yet challenging, especially in multilingual and multiple picture settings. Prior work has primarily focused on English speakers describing a single picture (e.g., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Kristin Qi , Jiali Cheng , Youxiang Zhu , Hadi Amiri , Xiaohui Liang

Vision-language models (VLMs) excel in various multimodal tasks but frequently suffer from poor calibration, resulting in misalignment between their verbalized confidence and response correctness. This miscalibration undermines user trust,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yunpu Zhao , Rui Zhang , Junbin Xiao , Ruibo Hou , Jiaming Guo , Zihao Zhang , Yifan Hao , Yunji Chen

Deep neural networks for natural language processing are fragile in the face of adversarial examples -- small input perturbations, like synonym substitution or word duplication, which cause a neural network to change its prediction. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Yuhao Zhang , Aws Albarghouthi , Loris D'Antoni
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