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Large language models (LLM) such as OpenAI's ChatGPT and GPT-3 offer unique testbeds for exploring the translation challenges of turning literacy into numeracy. Previous publicly-available transformer models from eighteen months prior and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 David Noever , Forrest McKee

Researchers face a critical choice: how to use -- or not use -- large language models in their work. Using them well requires understanding the mechanisms that shape what LLMs can and cannot do. This chapter makes LLMs comprehensible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Daniele Barolo

Large Language Models (LLMs), including GPT-3.5, LLaMA, and PaLM, seem to be knowledgeable and able to adapt to many tasks. However, we still cannot completely trust their answers, since LLMs suffer from \textbf{hallucination}\textemdash…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jia-Yu Yao , Kun-Peng Ning , Zhen-Hui Liu , Mu-Nan Ning , Yu-Yang Liu , Li Yuan

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has opened up exciting possibilities for simulating human behavior and cognitive processes, with potential applications in various domains, including marketing research and consumer behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Behnam Mohammadi

Large language models (LLMs) like transformers demonstrate impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, allowing them to make predictions for new tasks based on prompt exemplars without parameter updates. While existing ICL theories…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Kevin Christian Wibisono , Yixin Wang

Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Large language models (LLMs), trained on large-scale text, have recently attracted significant attention for their strong performance across many tasks. Motivated by this, we investigate whether a text-trained LLM can help localize fake…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Lin Zhang , Thomas Thebaud , Zexin Cai , Sanjeev Khudanpur , Daniel Povey , Leibny Paola García-Perera , Matthew Wiesner , Nicholas Andrews

In recent years, large-scale language models (LLMs) have gained attention for their impressive text generation capabilities. However, these models often face the challenge of "hallucination," which undermines their reliability. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuchen Yang , Houqiang Li , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Estimating uncertainty in Large Language Models (LLMs) is important for properly evaluating LLMs, and ensuring safety for users. However, prior approaches to uncertainty estimation focus on the final answer in generated text, ignoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Eric Bigelow , Ari Holtzman , Hidenori Tanaka , Tomer Ullman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been shown to produce estimates of psycholinguistic norms, such as valence, arousal, or concreteness, for words and multiword expressions, that correlate with human judgments. These estimates are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Thomas Hikaru Clark , Carlos Arriaga , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , Pedro Reviriego

Large Language Models with transformer architecture have revolutionized the domain of text generation, setting unprecedented benchmarks. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs have been criticized for generating outcomes that deviate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Aline Ioste

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as transformative tools in artificial intelligence (AI), exhibiting remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks such as text generation, reasoning, and decision-making. While their success has…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prevalent in modern applications but often memorize training data, leading to privacy breaches and copyright issues. Existing research has mainly focused on posthoc analyses, such as extracting memorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Tarun Ram Menta , Susmit Agrawal , Chirag Agarwal

In day-to-day communication, people often approximate the truth - for example, rounding the time or omitting details - in order to be maximally helpful to the listener. How do large language models (LLMs) handle such nuanced trade-offs? To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Ryan Liu , Theodore R. Sumers , Ishita Dasgupta , Thomas L. Griffiths

As the context length that large language models can handle continues to increase, these models demonstrate an enhanced ability to utilize distant information for tasks such as language modeling. This capability contrasts with human reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yutong Hu , Quzhe Huang , Kangcheng Luo , Yansong Feng

Vertical text input is commonly encountered in various real-world applications, such as mathematical computations and word-based Sudoku puzzles. While current large language models (LLMs) have excelled in natural language tasks, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang , Bryan Hooi , Yujun Cai , Zhen Xiong , Nanyun Peng , Kai-wei Chang

We study how large language models recall relational knowledge during text generation, with a focus on identifying latent representations suitable for relation classification via linear probes. Prior work shows how attention heads and MLPs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber

Large language models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate and produce factual errors, yet our understanding of why they make these errors remains limited. In this study, we delve into the underlying mechanisms of LLM hallucinations from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shiqi Chen , Miao Xiong , Junteng Liu , Zhengxuan Wu , Teng Xiao , Siyang Gao , Junxian He

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly criticized for not understanding language. However, many critiques focus on cognitive abilities that, in humans, are distinct from language processing. Here, we instead study a kind of understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Joseph M. Denning , Xiaohan Hannah Guo , Bryor Snefjella , Idan A. Blank

This paper investigates models of event implications. Specifically, how well models predict entity state-changes, by targeting their understanding of physical attributes. Nominally, Large Language models (LLM) have been exposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Artidoro Pagnoni , Yonatan Bisk , Eduard Hovy