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Quantization-aware training (QAT) and Knowledge Distillation (KD) are combined to achieve competitive performance in creating low-bit deep learning models. However, existing works applying KD to QAT require tedious hyper-parameter tuning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Kaiqi Zhao , Ming Zhao

Neural network quantization aims to transform high-precision weights and activations of a given neural network into low-precision weights/activations for reduced memory usage and computation, while preserving the performance of the original…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Geon Park , Jaehong Yoon , Haiyang Zhang , Xing Zhang , Sung Ju Hwang , Yonina C. Eldar

Improving the efficiency of inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical area of research. Post-training Quantization (PTQ) is a popular technique, but it often faces challenges at low-bit levels, particularly in downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wenjin Ke , Zhe Li , Dong Li , Lu Tian , Emad Barsoum

Quantization is an effective technique to reduce the deployment cost of large language models (LLMs), and post-training quantization (PTQ) has been widely studied due to its efficiency. However, existing PTQ methods are limited by their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qitao Tan , Xiaoying Song , Jin Lu , Guoming Li , Jun Liu , Lingzi Hong , Caiwen Ding , Jundong Li , Xiaoming Zhai , Shaoyi Huang , Wei Niu , Geng Yuan

Integer AI inference significantly reduces computational complexity in embedded systems. Quantization-aware training (QAT) helps mitigate accuracy degradation associated with post-training quantization but still overlooks the impact of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lion Mueller , Alberto Garcia-Ortiz , Ardalan Najafi , Adam Fuks , Lennart Bamberg

Quantization-aware training (QAT) starts with a pre-trained full-precision model and performs quantization during retraining. However, existing QAT works require supervision from the labels and they suffer from accuracy loss due to reduced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Kaiqi Zhao , Ming Zhao

Research on loss surface geometry, such as Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), shows that flatter minima improve generalization. Recent studies further reveal that flatter minima can also reduce the domain generalization (DG) gap. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jiacheng Jiang , Yuan Meng , Chen Tang , Han Yu , Qun Li , Zhi Wang , Wenwu Zhu

Structured State Space models (SSM) have recently emerged as a new class of deep learning models, particularly well-suited for processing long sequences. Their constant memory footprint, in contrast to the linearly scaling memory demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Sebastian Siegel , Ming-Jay Yang , Younes Bouhadjar , Maxime Fabre , Emre Neftci , John Paul Strachan

Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell

Quantization is an effective way to reduce the memory cost of large-scale model training. However, most existing methods adopt fixed-precision policies, which ignore the fact that optimizer-state distributions vary significantly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Minglu Liu , Cunchen Hu , Liangliang Xu , Fengming Tang , Ruijia Wang , Fu Yu

With the development of mobile and edge computing, the demand for low-bit quantized models on edge devices is increasing to achieve efficient deployment. To enhance the performance, it is often necessary to retrain the quantized models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yujia Tong , Jingling Yuan , Chuang Hu

Quantized neural networks are well known for reducing the latency, power consumption, and model size without significant harm to the performance. This makes them highly appropriate for systems with limited resources and low power capacity.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Moshe Kimhi , Tal Rozen , Avi Mendelson , Chaim Baskin

Mixed-precision quantization mostly predetermines the model bit-width settings before actual training due to the non-differential bit-width sampling process, obtaining sub-optimal performance. Worse still, the conventional static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Yingchun Wang , Jingcai Guo , Song Guo , Weizhan Zhang

In Large Language Models (LLMs), the number of parameters has grown exponentially in the past few years, e.g., from 1.5 billion parameters in GPT-2 to 175 billion in GPT-3 to possibly more than trillion in higher versions. This raises a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mahmoud Elgenedy

Serving large-scale machine learning (ML) models efficiently and with low latency has become challenging owing to increasing model size and complexity. Quantizing models can simultaneously reduce memory and compute requirements,…

As an effective technique to achieve the implementation of deep neural networks in edge devices, model quantization has been successfully applied in many practical applications. No matter the methods of quantization aware training (QAT) or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Qigong Sun , Xiufang Li , Yan Ren , Zhongjian Huang , Xu Liu , Licheng Jiao , Fang Liu

Medical image classification is a critical task in healthcare, enabling accurate and timely diagnosis. However, deploying deep learning models on resource-constrained edge devices presents significant challenges due to computational and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Mahsa Lavaei , Zahra Abadi , Salar Beigzad , Alireza Maleki

Quantization-aware training (QAT) simulates a quantization process during training to lower bit-precision of weights/activations. It learns quantized weights indirectly by updating latent weights,i.e., full-precision inputs to a quantizer,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Junghyup Lee , Jeimin Jeon , Dohyung Kim , Bumsub Ham

Despite significant work on low-bit quantization-aware training (QAT), there is still an accuracy gap between such techniques and native training. To address this, we introduce CAGE (Curvature-Aware Gradient Estimation), a new QAT method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Soroush Tabesh , Mher Safaryan , Andrei Panferov , Alexandra Volkova , Dan Alistarh

A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters. This trend is driven by the increasing concerns over cloud costs, privacy, and latency. Considering that full parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Zhenglun Kong , Yifan Gong , Changdi Yang , Zhaoyang Han , Yanyue Xie , Lei Lu , Cheng Lyu , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang , Pu Zhao