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We describe several additions to the ENIGMA system that guides clause selection in the E automated theorem prover. First, we significantly speed up its neural guidance by adding server-based GPU evaluation. The second addition is motivated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Zarathustra Goertzel , Karel Chvalovský , Jan Jakubův , Miroslav Olšák , Josef Urban

This paper attempts to address the question of how best to assure the correctness of saturation-based automated theorem provers using our experience developing the theorem prover Vampire. We describe the techniques we currently employ to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Giles Reger , Martin Suda , Andrei Voronkov

Machine Learner for Automated Reasoning (MaLARea) is a learning and reasoning system for proving in large formal libraries where thousands of theorems are available when attacking a new conjecture, and a large number of related problems and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-29 Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban , Jiří Vyskočil

Recent work in deep reinforcement learning has allowed algorithms to learn complex tasks such as Atari 2600 games just from the reward provided by the game, but these algorithms presently require millions of training steps in order to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Benjamin Spector , Serge Belongie

Proof automation is crucial to large-scale formal mathematics and software/hardware verification projects in ITPs. Sophisticated tools called hammers have been developed to provide general-purpose proof automation in ITPs such as Coq and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yicheng Qian , Joshua Clune , Clark Barrett , Jeremy Avigad

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) deals with the development of computer programs being able to show that some conjectures (queries) are a logical consequence of a set of axioms (facts and rules). There exists several successful ATPs where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Gabriele Picco , Hoang Thanh Lam , Marco Luca Sbodio , Vanessa Lopez Garcia

We report on our experiments to train deep neural networks that automatically translate informalized LaTeX-written Mizar texts into the formal Mizar language. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time when neural networks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Qingxiang Wang , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

We consider the task of automated theorem proving, a key AI task. Deep learning has shown promise for training theorem provers, but there are limited human-written theorems and proofs available for supervised learning. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Mingzhe Wang , Jia Deng

Automated theorem proving has long been a key task of artificial intelligence. Proofs form the bedrock of rigorous scientific inquiry. Many tools for both partially and fully automating their derivations have been developed over the last…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Brian Groenke

We develop a self-learning approach for conjecturing of induction predicates on a dataset of 16197 problems derived from the OEIS. These problems are hard for today's SMT and ATP systems because they require a combination of inductive and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Thibault Gauthier , Josef Urban

Mathematical theorems are human knowledge able to be accumulated in the form of symbolic representation, and proving theorems has been considered intelligent behavior. Based on the BHK interpretation and the Curry-Howard isomorphism, proof…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-18 Li-An Yang , Jui-Pin Liu , Chao-Hong Chen , Ying-ping Chen

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) is an established branch of Artificial Intelligence. The purpose of ATP is to design a system which can automatically figure out an algorithm either to prove or disprove a mathematical claim, on the basis of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-12-19 Mohammad Murtaza Mahmud , Swakkhar Shatabda , Mohammad Nurul Huda

Mechanized theorem proving is becoming the basis of reliable systems programming and rigorous mathematics. Despite decades of progress in proof automation, writing mechanized proofs still requires engineers' expertise and remains labor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Yutaka Nagashima

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Xiaorui Shi , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Hengyu Liu , Lun Du

We propose a novel approach to interactive theorem-proving (ITP) using deep reinforcement learning. The proposed framework is able to learn proof search strategies as well as tactic and arguments prediction in an end-to-end manner. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Minchao Wu , Michael Norrish , Christian Walder , Amir Dezfouli

Despite the recent progress in automatic theorem provers, proof engineers are still suffering from the lack of powerful proof automation. In this position paper we first report our proof strategy language based on a meta-tool approach.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-12 Yutaka Nagashima

Neural methods are transforming automated reasoning for proof assistants, yet integrating these advances into practical verification workflows remains challenging. A hammer is a tool that integrates premise selection, translation to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Thomas Zhu , Joshua Clune , Jeremy Avigad , Albert Qiaochu Jiang , Sean Welleck

We re-examine the topic of machine-learned clause selection guidance in saturation-based theorem provers. The central idea, recently popularized by the ENIGMA system, is to learn a classifier for recognizing clauses that appeared in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Martin Suda

We introduce a theorem proving algorithm that uses practically no domain heuristics for guiding its connection-style proof search. Instead, it runs many Monte-Carlo simulations guided by reinforcement learning from previous proof attempts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban , Henryk Michalewski , Mirek Olšák

This work explores the application of deep learning, a machine learning technique that uses deep neural networks (DNN) in its core, to an automated theorem proving (ATP) problem. To this end, we construct a statistical model which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Taro Sekiyama , Kohei Suenaga